How Technology Changes Our Lives Essay

There is no doubt that technology has stirred all of our lives. Whether it is positive or negative will be opinionated by the success of our ability to communicate with those around us. Now old age the pace of innovation is increasing every day. Its always a race to have the oerboldest coolest technology.* The mesh is the fastest-growing tool of communication ever. It took radio broadcasters 38 years to reach an audience of 50 one thousand thousand, television 13 years, and the Internet just 4 years. * The Worldwide Internet Population is estimated at 1.08 cardinal. In 2000 there were 400 one million million million users, and in 1995 20 million users. * In 2001 much tuition could be sent everyplace a single cable in a second than in 1997 was sent over the entire Internet in a month. * The cost of transmitting information has fallen dramatically. A trillion bits of information from Boston to Los Angeles from $150,000 in 1970 to 12 cents today. E-mailing a 40-page document from Chile to Kenya costs less(prenominal) than 10 cents, faxing it round $10, sending it by courier $50. * The comely total cost of development a local dialup Internet measure for 20 hours a month in Africa is somewhat USD 60 a month and USD 22 a month in the US. The average African monthly salary is less than USD 60. * Native English speakers diddle 35% of the online creation, although they atomic number 18 less than 10% of the world commonwealth. Native Chinese speakers represent the second largest group 16% of the online population. * In Chile 89% of internet users have had tertiary education, in Sri Lanka 65%, and in China 70%. * Ice push down has the highest percentage of internet users (68%) the linked States stands at 56% Malaysia 34% Jordan 8% Palestine 4% Nigeria 0.6% Tajikistan 0.1% The sex Divide.Read to a greater extentHow Has Technology Changed Our Lives* The typical Internet user widely distributed is young, male and wealthy a member of an elite minority. * A sex gap exists in access and usage of information and communication technologies. Women represent 42% of Internet users in the world. 37% in Italy and Germany. * The gap is constricting in certain countries Brazil 47%, Thailand 49%, join States and Canada 51 * At the end of the 20th century, 90% of data on Africa was stored in Europe and the United States. * With entirely 18% of the worldpopulation, OECD countries contain as yet 79% of the worlds internet users. * The United States, with a population close to the population of the mettle East, has 199 million Internet users while the Middle East has totally 16 million. * 34% of internet users ar in developing countries. 81% of the world population is in developing countries. * The stringency of fixed tele anticipate lines and mobile telephone lines is 5 times more than in developed countries than in developing countries. PC ownership is 11 times more, and internet usage 8 times more. developed=western Europe, Australia , Canada, Japan, new Zealand, the US everyone else in developing * Of the estimated 5-8 million internet users in Africa, only some 2 million users are outside of North and South Africa. This implies close 1 user for every 250 to 400 people. This compares to the world average of 1 for every 15 people and a North and European average of 1 user for every 2 persons. * Within the Global South, opportunities are also unevenly distributed. In the Dominican Republic, 80% of internet users are in the capital. In China, the two cities of Shanghai and Beijing contain as many internet users as the 15 least connected provinces of 600 million people combined. In India, home to a major global hub of innovation, only 0.4% of people use the Internet. * Of the approximately 816 million people in Africa in 2001, it is estimated that * 1 in 4 have a radio* 1 in 13 have a TV* 1 in 35 have a mobile phone* 1 in 40 have a fixed line phone* 1 in 130 have a PC* 1 in 60 use the InternetTelephones* One thir d of the world population has never made a telephone call. * While Sub-Saharan Africa contains about 10% of the worlds population, it accounts for only 0.2% of the worlds 1 billion telephone lines. * The cost of renting a telephone continuative on the African continent averages about 20 percent of gross domestic product per capita compared to a world average of 9 percent and an average of only 1 percent in high-income countries. * There are under 5 telephones per 100 people in India.* In the world, there are over 1.2 billion fixed telephone lines, 1.3 billion cellular subscribers and 140 billion international telephone traffic minutes each year. Mobile Telephones* As of 2002, mobile subscribers worldwide have outnumbered fixed-line subscribers. The mobile cross-over has taken place crosswise geographic criteria, across socio-demographic criteria such as gender, income, or age, and across stinting criteria. * Brazil has the same number of cellular phone subscribers as the social un it of Africa combined. Asia, with 450 million subscribers, has twice the number of subscribers as the Americas combined. There are 836.5 million mobile subscribers in OECD countries. * While the United States has 199 million cell phone subscribers, it is not part of the top ten countries with the highest percentage of mobile subscribers. 55% of the US populations are mobile subscribers. * Africa holds only 3% of the worlds mobile subscribers, yet Africa is the first place where mobile subscribers outnumbered fixed-line subscribers. In quintuplet years (1997-2002), the number of cell phone subscribers in Africa grew by 1600%. * Nicaragua has more than 3 times more mobile phone subscribers than fixed land lines (739 thousand compared with 214 thousand). * The number of mobile subscriptions per 100 people in a given country range from 120 in Luxembourg, to .44 in Malaysia, 24 in Jordan, 13 in Palestine, 3 in Nigeria et 0.7 in Tajikistan. Patents* OECD countries, with 14% of the worlds people, accounted for 86% of the patent applications filed in 1998 and 85% of the scientific and technical journal articles published worldwide. * Firms in developed countries currently account for 96% of royalties from patents, or $71 billion a year. The Computing vault of heaven* In the UK, women constitute only about 20% of computer acquaintance classes (AGCAS 2003). In the US, the percentage of female computer erudition bachelors has decreased by 28% between 1983 and 1998 (Gurer and Camp 2002). Similarly in the computer science manufacturing, the average female presence hovers around 20% (DfES 2001, AAUW 2000). * The computing industry exhibits vertical segregation (certain occupations for women, former(a)s for men) as well as horizontal segregation (women clustered in lower echelon occupations) in1991 only 10% of the members of the British Computing Society were women. In 2000 9% of US IT engineers were women. On the other hand, 80% of data entry personnel was female. (Ah uja 2002 Webster 1996 Taggart & OGara 2000) EWaste* 220 million loads of old computers and other technological hardware are trashed in the United States each year. * Only 11% of PCs are recycled the percentage for televisions and mainframes recycled is lower. * The United States generates more e-waste than any other nation . * An estimated 50-80% of e-waste collected in the United States for cycle is exported to areas such as China, India or Pakistan. Unusable equipment is also being donated or sold to developing nations as a way to avoid cycle costs.

Free of Emotional and Familial Prison Essay

When heat content, not his very name, was in prep domesticate, he met just interpret care everybody else a street play offer who would bestow his lunch box away from him. Given his somewhat resistant nature, he would refuse to give his lunch up, and would even dare to fight for it. However, be grounds of his thin body and relatively short height, and the weakness caused by his hunger, he f altogethers calibrate in the hold of his nemesis and was extendn usually bloody to the school clinic. In unrivaled occasion, when the bully found nobody in the box exclusively crumbs and a piece of carrot, his disappointment bust henrys arms.In grade school total heats struggling continues. Though the former(a) aggressive kids thither know that he doesnt stomach much in his box, they give close up take his lunch box from him to show everyone how miserable his life is. Other kids laughed and some(prenominal) pitied him, piece of music the rest are indifferent from his accomp animent. At the metre his teachers found come forth about the commotion, the kids went away similar nothing actually is hazard and total heat stood up from the ground, thoughtless. At berth his life is dread. He doesnt lease his own inhabit nor his own bed.He is only allowed to slumber in the garrage, where an unusable car is parked. The garrage has never been used now and was all dirty and webbed, it was only there to house the familys forgotten possessions, like himself. He sleeps under the car, because he tummyt sleep on top of it, there is no other place. The coldness of the live and the mountain around him makes him tuck himself and grip his legs with his arms. The darkness almost blinds him, he support no longer see anybody, even himself, even his future. Outside the room he is like nobody, even to his bewilder.His mother died two years ago, that is when he was three. She died in an accident, while attempt to save total heats older brother from organism run over by a pick-up hand truck. He died anyway, with her mother, because she was only there in m for her head to hit the trucks bumper. afterward the incident their family is dead. His come turned from being a locally respected man into someone who would be thrown out of a pub, walk in zigzag to a place he do not know. Luckily his body is used to walking home, and he is dragged by himself almost automatically to their place.At generation when his body is heavily drowned in alcohol and is no longer able to take him home, neighbors allow for call on Henry to help him patronise home. Nobody really tries to help drag him, only Henry, because of his smell. Henrys sustain literally stinks and this exhausts him much than on the dragging work itself. In the morning his mystify would still be drinking his alcohol bought out of the pub. At multiplication when Henry brought him sticker home from the street, the next morning his father will condemn him of stealing his money even thoug h he knows he spent them in the pub.Most of the time when Henry denies he is commanded hold up to his room, he still prepare a room then, and never go out. To make sure, his father locks him in. And many times as well his father will forget that he was there and will go to the pub while Henry is starving inside his room, locked. Because of this he missed school thus giving other kids a reason to bully him again. At one time when Henry cannot take the hunger he broke the windowpane and went out. When his father found out about the humbled window he sealed it and the rest of the rooms.Henry will now digest to deterrent in the garrage with all his things, even his clothes, locked inside his own room. Fortunately he found his older brothers old clothes in the garage. Because he feared that his father may recognize the clothes, he only took the school uniforms for himself and used it so he will not miss his classes. He used his brothers other clothes to sleep on during the night under the car. The worn out clothes again would give his schoolmates a chance to laugh at him. He found them dreadful too, but what else can he do. His fathers drinking change state and this led to new punishements.Since his father cant lock him in his room now, he no longer gave him food. Although there are times when he would take home a piece of left-over chicken he bought from a diner, frequently Henry is left starving for age. Most of time when he can no longer take the hunger he would ask the neighbors for food, and thankfully they give him a loaf of bread or an egg pie. At school he would steal food from other kids and a couple of times he was caught shoplifting in a convenience store. After the archetypical caught his father, having talked with the police the night they took Henry home from the station, is still as indifferent as before.The next time he slammed Henrys face on cars trunk. Thats the first time he went in Henrys room in years, and in doing he never even noti ced Henrys condition inside. That started the series of physical violence committed against him. His father competency have thought that he can really ail his son, and did so many times afterward, worsening as he gets more drowned in drunkenness. He started hitting him first by slapping his face use the back of his workforce, later he started slamming him anywhere near the stairs, table, tile floor, dwelling house hes eating on, and on the stove.Unluckily the slamming leaves only smaller patches and bruises on his face, this encouraged his father to continue the assualt, and do more. One time Henry came home from school with paint on his uniform, yes his brothers uniform, because of another aggression from his classmates, he was sphered right after he unlikeable before him. He was hit by a sphere, like what acuteness and Batista do in WWE. Unfortunately again, the hit only caused pain, no broken rib nor internal bleeding, just pain, physical and emotional pain.That could hav e killed him, or have him taken to the hospital, where good deal would know how he is treated, where he could be saved. When his father found out Henry is asking for food from their neighbors, he started using tools to hurt him, literally anything he can upchuck his hands on. That time he took hold of his beer bottle and threw it at him and missed because of drunkenness. After several seconds he realized that he did missed, he grabbed his ceramic ashtray and fling it to Henry, thats it, he hit his right knee and made Henry limping for three days.From then on he would start throwing things at him. One time when Henry is on his way to his room, his father in the dining room obviously drunk but still have sufficient energy, he lifted a chair and threw it at Henry. Of course he missed, but still its a chair, hes already on that point of violence. One night when his father is watching a replay of a baseball game, stinking from alcohol again, he asked him to stand before the wall, w ith his baseball in hand and another 5 pieces at his side, he practiced pitching having Henry the target.His excitement gave him the clearcutness adequacy to make 5 round patches on Henrys chest and 1 on his face. He cried, and when his father saw him did that he grabbed Henrys face and opened his mouth wide enough for the baseball. The ball was left in his mouth until his father fell asleep. His situation couldnt have been discovered when his father wasnt beaten down by gangsters on his way home. Earlier that day Henry was asked by his father to clean the whole house. On his way to cleaning the hind end holding a bottle of an acidic toilet bowl cleaner, he was called by his father.Standing in front of him having the cleaner and a pail in his hands, he saw his father totally mad, his father snapped. He smiled with his eyes red, took the acid off Henrys hands, opened it, and asked him to put his hands in the pail. Henry, frightened by his father, obeyed and do what was commanded of him. His father opened the bottle and poured it on Henrys hands. At first it matte hot, then it scorched his hands scalping and burning his skin. He tried to take his hands off but his father grabbed them and put them back and his strength will not allow Henry to remove them again.Henry screamed in pain and his tears fell inside the pail but wint neutralize the acid from burning his skin. After more than a minute his father finally heard him and let go. He came back to sanity and ran away. At night he run over a gang of young men, incited by his terrible appearance, they beat him til he can no longer walk himself. A neighbor found him trying to walk home and helped him so. When they arrived at their house he saw Henry, his hands colored red, without skin. He immediately asked him what happened, but Henry did not speak. From there he knew whats going on and sought the police for help.Crisis incumbrance Plan After hearing from the witness what he saw in Henrys house, the gove rnment activity immediately met with social workers and other organizations that index help in rescuing Henry from his father with minimal consequences and came up with this clapperclaw by touchstone intervention plan. Step 1 First they have to assess the situation of Henry. The authorities will see exactly what happened first in an obvious angle. As much as possible the risks and dangers of interpose must be predicted. The people involve, their attitude, behavior, and mental status should be celebrated well.Also, the root of the situation should be known. Henrys father may have conjured a trauma from the accident and lost his will to have a good life. Having Henry only reminds him of his other son, whom he might be blaming for the death of his wife. That is probably why he went after Henry and brought out his his anger on him. Both the effect of the crisis and the intervention should also be assessed. What would happen to the family after the rescue? What would Henry be like afterwards? Also, the status of the family before the incident inescapably to be known.In assessing the situation, it is always best to know what risks are in the members of the family. Step 2 Start establishing a relationship with the family to know more about them and in conclusion help solve the situation. A manual on crisis intervention released by the US Department of Health and human beings Services noted, in this criterion of crisis intervention, a sincere, non-judgmental attitude, and sensitivity to the familys feelings and situation, lay the groundwork for a family coalition to form quickly, as does belief in the familys ability to strike the crisis.Also, this step promotes a constructive partnership that aims to solving the problem (p80). Henry is an abused child and needs to be rescued. However, more information needs to be taken and this step can definitely feed the authorities that. Furthermore, A constructive partnership also evolves from a sense of accomplishmen t. It is all important(p) for the family to feel that something useful has been accomplished during the crisis interveners first visit and that more will be accomplished in the next (p80) Step 3 Identify Major Problems.Dr. Albert Roberts separated this step of knowing the roots of the problems ascribable to its cruciality in the interventions plan (Roberts, p. 261). By giving attention to the factors that cause stress to members of the family, solution can be brought out to minimize the effects of the stress and to remove the those factors. Henrys father may have been continously thinking of their happy family before the incident and the disappointment caused by the acknowledgment his wife and sons deaths causes him to drown himself in alcohol.The alcohol causes him to be violent towards Henry. By removing these factor we can help save the Henry and help his father as well. Step 4 Take action. This step may incorporate both rescue of Henry and a therapy for his father if that wil l be allowed. This should be done as soon as possible after sufficient information and evidence of abuse is gathered. sooner than staying too long on encouraging the family to solve its own problems, it is break away to have Henry out of the house and away from his father in the mean time.While away both Henry and his father should be applied with therapies and medications. Henrys father suffered from the incident and may have contacted a disease in his drinking. Also, his alcoholism must be halt and various correctional interventions should be employed. Henrys physical being obviously needs help. The son needs nutrition first of all, having been starving to death by his father. The beatings may have left unnoticed fractured swot up and may even have damaged some internal organs that is not treated immediately without the help of the authorities.His mother and brothers death may have also caused some trauma but most of all the effects of his fathers abuse should be look upon. C onfidence may no longer be in his eyes being beaten and humiliated at school and having disadvantaged of support by his father. A good entertain home is prudent too to allow Henry have his own start and finally blend with a family. Step 5 Establish and agreement and work through plan. This step will know the future of Henrys family. Whether he will be allowed to be with his father again after his renewal or if he will have to stay in foster care and have his own life.His father may be filed with a case depending on what his psychological tests results will say. Certainly, the authorities will steady down on how this issue will be ended. Continous assessment of their status and treatment should also be employed. Conclusion Life is always hard for people who suffered from a prominent trauma like what happened in Henrys family. The simultaneous death of his mother and older brother definitely caused great amounts of emotional disturbances on his father and the following incident s could have been prevented if they were employed with enough help and guidance.That has always been the problem family has. Missing family support and preventive plans on traumas and other psychological stress definitely cause more complicate problems like domestic violence. Henry could have been a bright boy just like everybody else. Unfortunately he was denied of that fate during his dreadful days with his father. However, with effective intervention plans, he will surely be back on track again. Works Cited US Department of Health and Human Services. Handout 3 Steps of Crisis Intervention.Retrieved 15 May 2008. www. headstartinfo. org/pdf/supportingfam_crisis/ handout3-3. pdf Roberts, Albert. 2005. Crisis Intervention vade mecum Assessment, Treatment, and Research. Retrieved 15 May 2008. http//books. google. com/books? id=UtU5DK0ryGsC&pg=PA259&dq=step+by+step+crisis +intervention&sig=sI1qrPiQIyUx5x1mIqPgBHJmC0QPPA260,M1 Roberts, Albert. Roberts Seven Stage Crisis Intervention M odel. Retrieved 15 May 2008. http//www. crisisinterventionnetwork. com/intervention. html

Succubus Revealed Chapter 20

I thought active it for half a heartbeat, and even that was too long. thither was no read/write head what my decision could be. Seth and I were bound together. dismantle if it had been for Jeromes convenience, Seth had make my soul across the incredible reaches of the dream world. Seth and I had lay down each other, feeling after life, and continu every(prenominal)y fall in sexual love. Even if we didnt consciously remember each other, some inner begin of ourselves had connected. I remembered Romans words.Over and over, you find each other and lose each other, you argue and fight, throw it all a look on mistrust and lack of communication. atomic number 18 you going to let that continue?No, the cycle was going to end. On my terms. These lives wed lived . . . the bruise wed suffered . . . it wouldnt be for no matter. It didnt matter if Seth hated me and never wanted to watch out me again. I wouldnt abandon him not without delay, not ever.No deal, I tell to Roman. Seth an d I are doing this together, whether he knows it or not.Roman didnt emphasise to talk me out of it. He simply verbalise, You understand whats at bet?I do. If we failed here, I wouldnt effective lose my soul. I would also be looking forward to an eternity in Hells service, with superiors none-too-pleased that Id shaken up the stead quo. I didnt doubt that there was some article or article somewhere that said I couldnt be penalized for this, noneffervescent as Id far-famed before, Hell had plenty of ways of punishing people off the record. The Las Vegas amaze would probably no longer exist, forcing me to relocate to some truly terrific location.Hannibal called the court back to order, and Roman relayed my decision.Hannibal clicked his tongue disapprovingly. Risking it all for the new car, eh? Well, ladies and gentlemen of the board, it locomote in your hands now. Youve heard the evidence and lack thereof. Do you regard there is profuse proof to support the petitioners case? Should both contracts that these individuals willingly sign-language(a) be invalidated? So much for justice organism blind.The jury fox votes anonymously, which I found interesting. It was a small nod toward im pop outiality, theoretically providing protection to those who voted against their sides best interests. From what both Roman and Marcel had told me, I could picture it happening among the angels. But did it ever happen with demons? Even if they knew the right or wrong of a situation, their ultimate goal was to accrue souls for Hell. Would any of them be moved by a case enough to go with their moral sense? Was it possible that some spark of goodness could still endure in the darkness of this place? Judging from the quick way everyone scrawled their responses on the effectuates of radical given, it didnt look resembling it. There was no hesitation. The demons wore cocky, self-assured expressions. Angels and demons came from the same stock, just now Id been told that once they spent enough clock in Hell, that angelic genius was eroded away. These demons werent going to lose any sleep almost what became of my soul.The votes were self-contained by the bailiff. He sorted them into two suspiciously similarly size piles and handed them to the judge. Hannibal did a quick count and nodded to himself before addressing us. A new stillness fell over the room.Here we go, murmured Roman.The jury has spoken, said Hannibal. Six to six. We have a tie.There was a collective expiry in the room, and then the tension ramped back up as everyone waited for the next step. I shouldnt have been surprised by the tie, but some part of me had been hoping maybe, just maybe, a wayward demon wouldve voted in my favor. I had my answer. There was no spark of goodness here. It couldnt survive in Hell.In consent with article . . . fuck, I dont know . . . article something-or-other, well be going to a tiebreaker vote, said Hannibal. The bailiff returned with an ornate vase, which he handed to the judge. Hannibal dumped out the contents, revealing a white marble and a blacken marble. In this case, it really is as simple as black and white. If the black ones worn-out, a demon casts the deciding vote. If its white, an angel will. He paused, looking bemused. Thats so cliched. I dont suppose we could make the colors around? and this once? No? Okay, lets get on with it. He scanned the jury and pointed to an angel with curly red hair and long-lashed sulky eyeball. You. Youll do the draw.She nodded her acceptance and approached the bench gracefully. Again, another attempt at justice. If Hannibal had drawn the stain, I would have been suspicious of the outcome. The fairness of the matter was future grumose when he made her swear to draw fairly, without using her powers to advantage.I swear, she said, placing the marbles in the vase. She shook them up and reached her hand in, casting a sketch and unless I was mis exhaustn sympathetic look at me . Her hand emerged, closed(a) in a fist. When she opened it, no one could see the marble right away, but her face told the story.Shit, said Roman.The angels palm revealed a black marble. She handed it to the judge who made no pretense at concealing his joy. He thanked her as she returned to her seat and then held the marble up for all the room to see. There was a murmur of excitement among the demons, delighted at having won the gamble hed laid before us.I had a snatch of regret, but only a small one. I couldve walked away from here with my soul and life intact. I couldve never brought this up and continued my life as a succubus undisturbed, living out the dream scenario in Las Vegas. Instead, Id risked everything for the materialise to free myself and Seth. And Id lost for both of us.Had it been worth it?Yes. Fate has spoken, said Hannibal, still admiring the marble. Per the rules, the decision now falls to a thirteenth juror, who will be randomly selected from a pool of Hells illustrious servants. Doris?Doris began clicking away at her laptop. by and by a few moments, she gave a nod toward the bailiff. He walked toward the back exit, presumptively to escort in the thirteenth juror.My heart felt heavy and leaden, and I was startled when Roman again placed his hand on mine. Im sorry, he said in a low voice. I should have fought harder. Or pushed you to take the deal I squeezed his hand back. No. You were perfect. The only thing you shouldnt have done was get involved with this mess. It was impossible to believe, but any(prenominal) fate awaited me after my suit was denied wouldnt be half as bad as his.He gave me a playful smile. What, and miss the chance to laugh in the face of Heaven and Hell? Besides, theres no way I could leave you to The courtroom had given way to chatter when the bailiff left, and now clam up resumed upon his return. Whatever sentiments Roman had been some to say were lost, as he joined me in looking back to see the demon who wo uld cast the last condemning vote on me. When I did, I had to do a double take.It was Yasmine.I almost didnt recognize her. It had been a course of instruction since Id seen her, a year since Id watched her fall from grace, transforming from an angel to a demon. Yasmine had committed a number of grave sins as an angel, starting when shed fallen in love. That completely was forbidden for her pattern, but it had gone one step further shed fallen for a nephilim named Vincent. Vince was a great guy, but like Roman, the standard reply from angels and demons alike had been prompt destruction. oneness angel had finally acted on that impulse, and Yasmine had bucket along to defend Vince killing the other angel in the process.And with that, she had been condemned to Hell.I had seen it. It had been terrible. One angels death, anothers fall. It had all gone down the night Nyx had been found and recaptured. Vince and I had been in the cross fire of it. Id done what I could for him, but there was nil I could do to stop Heavens punishment.Before leaving town, Vince had told me that it didnt matter what I thought I knew about Yasmine. Hed said that once she had spent enough time in Hell and around other demons, shed become like them. It was what happened to all of them, how someone like Carter could become someone like Jerome. I hadnt believed it at the time but could understand it better after being surrounded in the despair and wrongness of this place. And when I studied her now, I could see it had happened to her too.I remembered a smiling, laughing young woman with coruscate dark eyes and shining black hair. The hair and eyes were on the face of it the same, but there was no light or laughter in them. Her eyes seemed fathomless, dark and cold as she stared straight ahead and walked to the present of the courtroom. She was wearing a gauzy black dress, reminding me of some Goth courtesan, and her long, silken hair blended into the silken fabric. Even if Id nev er met her or cognise her history, I would have instantly identified her as a demon. Just like the others in the room, there was something in the way she looked and carried herself.I was about to be condemned by someone who had once been my friend.Yasmine reached the front of the courtroom and was gestured toward the witnesses table. She sit down down, gazing around the room with an unreadable expression.Youve been following the trial? asked Judge Hannibal.Yes, she said, in a voice as expressionless as her face. How shed been watching, I couldnt say. With Hell, it couldve been loop topology TV or a magic mirror for all I knew.And you understand your duty? asked Hannibal.Yes, she replied.Hannibal was trying to maintain some semblance of formality and procedure, but the self-satisfied smirk on his face was kind of negating that. He was too goddamned pleased with himself and this turn of events.Cast your vote then, base on the evidence and arguments youve witnessed. If you believe the two contracts are both locomote and have not varyed each other, then cast your vote against the petitioner.When silence followed, Roman spoke up. And if she thinks the two contracts arent valid?Yes, yes. Hannibal made a uninterested gesture, annoyed at this obvious waste of his time. If you believe the contracts do contradict each other, then cast your vote for the petitioner.Yasmine was given a piece of paper and pen, just like the other jurors. And just like the others, she osseous no time in writing her vote, her markings swift and certain. When she finished, she looked up serenely, no change in her expression, no sign that wed ever once cognize each other. As terrible as I felt about my own fate, I couldnt help but feel nearly as bad for what Hell had done to someone as good and kind as her. No, I thought. Not just Hell. Really, Heaven was just as guilty. What kind of group could advocate goodness and not allow its members to love?Hannibal took the paper from her with a flourish and held it out before him to read. In unity with the laws of this court, and the infallible Kingdom of Hell, the jury finds There was a pause, and the next part came out as a question. In favor of the petitioner?A spark of goodness in the darkness. . . .For a moment, nothing happened. The courtroom was silent, frozen in time. Then, several things happened right on top of each other.From easy me, I heard Jerome say, Shit.Yasmine winked at me.Roman hugged me.Hannibal reread the slip of paper, looked at Yasmine, and then swallowed before speaking. Both contracts are declared invalid, null and void. close to of the room was on its feet, voices raised in fury. I had no time to process what they were formula, though, because I was disintegrating away.No, not yet I exclaimed.I reached urgently for Roman, whose arms had been around me, but couldnt get ahold of him anymore. I was becoming nothing, a will-o-the-wisp, unable to grasp anything of substance. I tried, though. I tried to grab him and take him with me because there was no way I could leave him here, not in the midst of a bunch of demons pissed off over having just lost two souls. I even tried to say his name, but it didnt work. I had no mouth, no voice anymore. I was leaving this place, and he was staying.The last thing I saw was his sea green eyes regarding me with both happiness and sorrow. I thought I heard him saying something about a far, far greater thing, and then I perceive nothing. I would have screamed in fury if I could have, but I was gone. I was nothing.Only darkness.

Performance Management System Essay

A carrying protrude management system is the process in which an brass section will involves its employees, as individuals and members of a group, in improving organisational effectiveness in the accomplishment of the organizations mission and goals. Employee exerciseance management includes cooking work and setting expectations, continually monitoring proceeding, growing the capacity to perform, periodically rating performance in a thick fashion, and rewarding good performance.PlanningWork and other processes argon intend out in organizations one of the best ways the organization knows to realise that the employees are effective in the organization is by implementing the employees in the planning process. This helps the employees understand the goals, what needs done, why it needs to be done, and how advantageously it should be done within the organization.MonitoringWithin effective organizations, projects and other assignments are monitored, positive monitoring is consis tently measuring performance as salutary as providing positive and negative feedback to and from employees on their progress toward make goals. Requirements for monitoring employees performance is compared against their elements and standards in the organization, monitoring provides the organization fortune to sustain the employees performance and the ability to measure the unacceptable performance.DevelopingEmployee development should be evaluated and addressed this form of developing can increase the capacity to perform through training, give tasks that work on new skills of higher levels of responsibility, modify the work process, and many other methods. When employees are provided with training and developmental opportunitys, organizations encourage good performance, strengthen job-related skills and competence, and helps employees keep up with changes in the organization such as new policy, standards, or technology.RatingOrganizations will resume employees performance all owing them to compareperformance over time or amongst a variety of employees, this allows the organization to see who the best performers are as well up as the employees that need work. Rating is evaluating employees or a group of employees performance against the standards in a performance plan and assigning a summary rating record. There are rating of records assigned fit to procedures included in the organizations appraisal program, which is biased on the performance by employees during an entire appraisal period.RewardingRewarding is when the organization recognizes the employees, either as individuals or a team for their performance and acknowledging their contributions to the needs of the organization. Positive performance can be recognized without waiting for nominations for awards, recognition can be implemented in all day-to-day operations within the organization. utilise a Performance Management SystemAny organization that uses a performance management system creates pos itive work practices among the employees, as well it allows the management in the organization to see where the employees performance is at. Organizations need to realize information about employee performance in order to figure out who would be a good fit when it comes to promotions and who would be better fit to handle more responsibilities. Performance management system helps the organization to get hold which employees are best suited to hire from within, not only do they already know the operations of the organization, but the organizations management knows their work ethical motive and has already been monitoring their progress.

Wide Awake

Literary devices are often used in pop margin calls to give off a certain caprice or setting. Katy Perry uses repetition, imagery, allusion and alliterations in her song Wide Awake to explain how an event outhouse cause a person to grow or change in perspective. Changing how they see someone or something and change how they feel close to things. By using these devices it created a realization and regretful mood and greenback to her song. This makes her song personal and emotional which allows many people to relate and whence sells songs. You will find that majority of stars out there choose deep and meaningful things to sing about to sell more albums.One mien she created the mood of her song Wide Awake was by using repetition. In the very beginning she states that shes wide awake, meaning that she has come to realize her mistakes and is sightedness things from a different point of view now after the fact. in any case she repeats falling from cloud nine throughout the song as well. falling from cloud nine is a figure of speech saying that she was in get by and happy but then she fell out of love (falling from cloud nine) and became heartbroken. Falling from cloud nine isnt necessarily considered a trade good thing and thats exactly what she was saying.Using repetition to create a mood for the song and to hook the listeners into listening to the story behind of the song. Another guidance she added meaning to her song was by using Imagery. In al some each song that there is there is some sort of imagery warp into it. Because without some sort of story line or description the song wouldnt be any good or entertaining and people wouldnt indispensability to listen to it. In Katies song she creates the image of thunder rumbling and strongholds crumbling. That creates a picture in your head of the actual emotion that shes feeling.Describing her heart see to it like the cracks and loud booms of thunder during storm, a storm like the secern up shes go ing through. And also describing the same thing with an old castle thats finally worn down and falls apart. Lastly I sine qua non to talk about the overall meaning of the song. Throughout the song Katy puts in several literary devices as the ones in the paragraphs above but the undefiled song itself is skilful a huge metaphor. In the chorus of her song she says Gravity hurts, you made it so sweet till I woke up on the concrete. Majority of her song revolves around these lyrics.Because shes comparing her break up and her realization of what went wrong to earths gravity. Which states whatever goes up must come down, just like her love for him whoever he is had to come to an end eventually and that hurts. In the end all songs are made up different combinations of literary deices and descriptions of real life feelings. these were just some examples using the famous Katy Perrys most recent song. Songs are just really long poems that speak the equity about life itself and how can you create a poem without social system? You cant, and thats why we use literary devices to build a structure for our writing.

Nathaniel Hawthorne vs. Shirley Jackson Analysis Essay

As a common reader Ive complete across many authors that wee intrigued me due their dah of composition, excerption of words, paramount of symbolism, adept of irony, use of color, etc but no 2 authors have caught my heed more than Nathaniel Hawthorne and Shirley capital of Mississippi. These two authors are completely different in all way including their written material styles some(prenominal) of these authors have written suddenly stories that have been extremely famous with the public. For example, Nathaniel Hawthorne is mostly cognize for his famous short flooring called The Scarlett Letter. Shirley capital of Mississippi on the other hand, is best know for her thrilling short reputation called The Lottery. After reading a short story from these two authors, youll quickly notice why they are so difference from each(prenominal) other Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, MA. After losing his father, Hawthorne began taking a grand interest in his da ds worldwide adventures He even began reading the logbooks his father had submitted while he was at sea (BRD Groupe Societe Generate)As the historic period went by, Nathaniel left spot and attended college until 1825 where he graduates and returns home to begin his paternity experience. When Nathaniel returned home, he began his piece of music in semi-seclusion, leading him to spell with the style he did and the topics he chose. As I menti one and only(a)d earlier, The Scarlett Letter is one of Hawthornes most famous short stories and one of the best examples to make prisoner his character as a somebody. This particular short story demonstrates Nathaniels writing style to the fullest He has a genuinely formal, romantic, fictitious, way of writing and you can clearly pick it up as you read each page His writing has even been criticized by many other readers. For instance, William heathland who has been known to analyze the versed element of Hawthornes writings, finding a prof ound ambivalence towards women in many of his works. He speculates active the deeper informal tension in Hawthornes life and how it surfaces in his books. He discusses his sexual anxieties, such as his fear of passion with his wife, and possible feelings of incest, which are plump for up by family history.He cautions against assuming that hefeared passion because he was incapable of it. He finds Hawthorne to be a straight-laced moralist. His stories tend to die parables to decipher, rather than dramatic. (Literary Criticisms) Nathaniel Hawthorne had something that many authors use now a day as an inspiration to write, and that was his beliefs. His beliefs and lifestyle, led him to create themes for his short stories Hawthorne was known for his extremely descriptive way of writing which made him such an amazing and admirable author. sticker in the 19th century, there were no easy ways to nurture photographs for books, so Hawthorne made sure to write lengthy, imaginative, visu al descriptions so the person reading the story could still feel what he was saying. (BRD Groupe Societe Generate) Besides writing with such great descriptions, Hawthorne was known for conveying modern themes of psychology and humane nature through his symbolism. (BRD Groupe Societe Generate)One unique element about Hawthornes writing was he never had any characters confronting themselves and this was all due to his lifestyle Unfortunately, Nathaniel Hawthorne died on May 19, 1964 at the age of 60. He left with us his classic, old, contemporary classic short novels Shirley Jackson was born on declination 14, 1915 in San Francisco, CA. She played out most of her life in California where she began writing poetry and short novels as a young teenager. When Shirley turned 17 she attended the University of Rochester and sadly withdrew a year later Shirley Jackson spent a year at home practicing her writing by producing a minimum of a thousand words a day. (Shirley Jackson Biography) In 1937 she attended the University of Syracuse and published her first story called Janice. As the years passed, Jackson began having her stories published in The New Yorker and The New Public and was and then offered a teaching position at Bennington College. (Shirley Jackson Biography)By 1948 Shirley Jackson had published her most captivating, exhilarating, chilling short story ever The Lottery. Her writing style was known as very gothic and dark. She used witchcraft and abnormal psychology to create themes and twisted plots The great thing about Shirley Jackson was that she was known to write with not just one style of writing, but two One of them was detached hilarity which is also known as detaching from extreme amusement and the other type of style is known as tenebrous abuse, which is also known as dark horror. (Times) Her alternative of words were very eerie and gruesome and truly paints a fork over in a readershead that gives goosebumps Many writers have also criticized J ackson for her way of writing especially being that its dusky and deep. as luck would have it it has been good critique Its been known that a lot of writers, both in and out of the horror genre, know how to create a sense of arrest.What makes Jacksons sensibility so distinctive is that her brand of dread tends to be self-aware and even, at times, self-amused. (Times) Her distinctive way of writing appeared in many other places such as, McCalls, Redbook, The Saturday Evening Post, Harpers carnival and The Ladies Home Journal. (Times) Sadly, Shirley Jackson died on August 8, 1965 at the age of 49. Both of these writers are very different because one is romantic and basically access from ones beliefs and the other is very gloomy and twisted. Shirley Jackson creates a very chilling illusion as you read her stories. She makes you feel like you can cut through into the book and construct an adventure of your own Nathaniel Hawthorne on the other hand, takes you to this very soft, mod ern style. He writes with so much detail that you get sucked into the stories inwardly seconds.Your mind paints vivid pictures due to his imagery The unique element about both these authors is that they also have a couple things in common. For instance, they both were truly dedicated to their writings and succeeded in allowing a readers imagination to voluted out of control. Another common quality they had was they both wrote in a classic way. Shirley Jackson was best known for writing classic horror and Nathaniel Hawthorne was known for his classic, clarity writing. Personally, my favorite(a) out of the two has to be Nathaniel Hawthorne because his choice of details and words build pictures that make me feel like that story was specifically meant for me Personally I dont like scariness so Shirley Jackson would definitely not be one of my top favorite authorsSlidashare Present yourself. Nathaniel Hawthorne. N.p.. Web. 19 Nov 2012. .Raffert, Terrence. Her Darkest Place. Sunday Boo k Review. The New York Times, 26 2010. Web. 19 Nov 2012. .. The Works of Shirley Jackson. . N.p.. Web. 19 Nov 2012. .. BRD GROUPE SOCIETE GENERALE. Hawthorne Writing Style. N.p.. Web. 19 Nov 2012. .

Want and Marginal Places

The Value of Marginal Places In the essay In evaluate of Margins by Ian Frazier, Frazier mentions that the worldly concern is a berth where adults tend to get caught up in. They do not realize that what they need is that place to breath. He says that peripheral places and activities, when he was a kid, were a hazardous of time, but once he was older and saw his child study their marginal moment playing, in the steam instead of fishing, he realizes the importance as an adult. He mentions that we altogether have a place as a child that we would kindred to go screen and let go of all our responsibilities.Frazier uses the intelligence activity margin, this word that Frazier uses, has a controvert and positive tone and he explains the time fagged in the woodland. Frazier states that the definition of margin is a blank space around a body of type or border of a baste of ground. Its adjective meaning has a negative tone to it minimum for requirements, nigh insufficient. As F razier uses marginal to describe what he did in the woods as a child, he grew up to realize how important these marginal places had so much value.As a young boy Frazier, mentions the woods as places where he and his friends would play at all day. Exploring and possibly be disordered in the hours of fun they would have ad most importantly, no worries. Exploring occasions as they go playing along the trees, maybe even creation just about sort of character or action hero from his time. As Frazier got a little snatch older he one day cognise that his time spent in the woods was becoming childish and foolish. He eventually stopped going to this place, that as a child was near like a sanctuary or a place of bridal to be him-self freely.When Frazier was in the seventh grade he came to asked himself What argon you doing? or maybe why we argon here? He notices that some of his friends started to not dress appropriately to climb trees and play because of the penny loafers the wore. I am sure this was for the girls they were trying to impress as they get older. As they had former(a) things happening in life that bounded them from going in to the woods, and someway forgot about it they really never decided to go back and play.But from my understanding, in mettlesome school they went back to the woods one day, where they had this sense of at that place is nothing here for us anymore or why did we waste our time here as kids. I am sure high school, girls and school dances had the memories of the woods faded deep in their memory. They effected that they are all bristlen up and have no need to be there. Frazier must have thought of all the childish senseless things they did being in the woods for hours, just wasting time that they did not acknowledge of or autoe for because they were children.I mean they didnt have responsibilities as children they didnt have to work and take of others. I guess that was the good thing about marginal places. For Frazier, when we took his children to go fishing, they sort of did not want to go fishing and instead played in a ditch. Frazier did not have a heart to tell them to stop instead he realized that this was a marginal place his children will one day grow up turned this ditch in into a marginal place. retributive like when Frazier was a child and did not know this was a marginal place he sees that with his kids, and realizes the value of having a marginal getaway.In my opinion, I equalise with Fraziers ideas that marginal activities and places are valuable. Marginal places are also a way of making oneself a better person. Its a place to think and relax from the worlds needs and wants. Of all the places in the world everybody has their witness marginal area. Mine so happens to be at Fontainebleau State position in Mandeville, Louisiana. As a child my parents would pack up the car and head over across the lake every Saturday if the weather permitted.This place had a pool, walking trail, barbeque p its and most importantly a beach, not a five star beach but to a 6 twelvemonth old it was. I would walk along the shore where the water would gibe the trees and I would pretend it was undiscovered land. I still go back to this day, monthly and its still the same feeling I get, a breath of fresh air. This is what Frazier wants people to know about having marginal places and doing activities, they are not bad places, everyone needs a break from the a world that moves at fast pace.In Conclusion Frazier wants people to know that having a bit of time to youself is okay. Everyone has an escape, whether if it is an old place as a kid, a sketch you use to watch or even the music you use to get word to. Marginal does not have to be in a negative use. In some cases like Frazier it was a good thing, sort of almost like a re-evaluation of life and I am sure he doesnt regret playing in the woods as a child at all. Ian Frazier looks to the woods as a safe and laughing(prenominal) place. I am sure he wants us to remember the marginal place we had as children also.

Grandpa to Me

R Truby 1 Robert T. Truby Instructor Vincent Basso side of meat 101. 064 30 January 2012 Robert H. Truby I f totally in a granddad figure of speechd Robert Henry Truby. a head he was born in 1945, two of his uncles were shot and killed. One was named nozzle and another was named surface-to-air missile. In the early 1900s, there was a feud mingled with my family and another up by Bon papa, Colorado. A gangster spreadinger by the name of Ike Cox shot two of his uncles as a result of this family feud. The arrest could not bear the chance of losing another mark explicate. Right after Sams death, she decided to move the family and their cattle to New Mexico.My bloodline locomote to an unforgiving desert seeking survival. They moved to a remote localisation called Largo Canyon to raise their cattle and children. The dry summers were hot and the winters were cold. A presence of a prior civilization cultivated the surrounding embellish with Native American culture and evidence. Coyotes and cattle didnt always select along so Henry, my great grandfather, trapped coyotes. Coincidently, coyotes were worth to a greater extent than cattle at the judgment of conviction. A lot of people lost their ranch to the banking company or to the government because of tax foreclosures, notwithstanding not Henry.Henry used his capital to buy ranches surrounding his own for a small price. after that the Truby ranch reached sixty-six sections, totaling 42,240 acres. The amount of responsibility with that much land was staggering. For example, guarantying a gram cows fuddle what they need is like having a thousand babies R Truby 2 making certain they have what they need. To some, airlift cattle was harder than raising children. My family was invested in cattle and did what they had to do to get by. Henry had unity son named Robert Henry Truby, my grandfather. I call him Papo (Pah-Poe. ) Robert helped his father with the ranch since he could walk.Robert had an overwhe lm love and trust towards his father. He left for Las Cruces to attend their university to study brute Science however, he would drive over eight hundred miles every(prenominal) weekend to help Henry ranch. To Robert, m unmatchedy couldnt replace moments and time he shared with his father. One semester away from graduating with a degree, Robert learned he had to go back and help ranch. It was neer a choice. His family needed him and he was okay setting aside personal goals. An analysis of my grandfather reveals his component however, there is more to him than meets the eye.Nothing is dearer to my grandfather than family and everybody in this family treasures nothing more than his character. My dads attitude towards my grandfather is worth quoting. I have never had more respect or trust towards a man. He gave me a foundation to live. He is a sense of home. I know I can always go to him for help. You could not ask more from a father. My grandmother, Rachael, had her own words to describe my grandad. He is gentle. He is caring and loving. Robert gave her his word when they got married that he would breathe true and for that he get out stay forever faithful.Challenges theyve faced is a list that defines devotion and care towards one another. Grandma Rachael simmer down gives him backrubs so he must be doing something decline. After almost fifty years of marriage, Robert and Rachael have sealed the sanctity of their marriage. My family wouldnt be a family with out him and for that we are forever grateful. R Truby 3 Although Papo resembles a pioneer from an older generation, he still fits into todays party in his own way. Im about six inches taller than my grandad right now and he still tells me I might be as tall as him one day.Papo always looks younger with a hat on because it covers up the part of his head thats lacking(p) hair. It doesnt matter where hes at hell have on a pair of boots and a pair of wranglers. Hell wearable a polo shirt that butt ons just at the top when he goes to town. When hes deeding around the house hell wear a shirt that may have everything from paint to sawdust on it. Thats my grandfathers style and its never changed. Papo is stronger than he looks and smarter than he thinks. My granddad doesnt drink alcohol or smoke, but he drinks a lot of coke.After all the Coca-Cola hes had in the past cardinal years, Papo is still working out on the farm. It hurts his back, but he still gets out there and does what needs to be done. He values his fanny Deer tractors. After mastering all the skills of farming, old age seems to take in over just a little bit. It is rather bodily fluidous to watch Papo drive the tractor because hes always running over stuff. Its not on purpose. His perception is just off a little. He wont take the obvious blame, instead hell jokingly blame it one someone or something else. He knows that his family wont believe him and thats what makes it even funnier.My grandpa has his own sens e of humor that I find intriguing and different. I may have more respect for my father, but I feel closer to Robert. Weve got the same name, but thats not the reason. I have a connection with my grandpa that words cannot describe. He is my idol. I look up to him in all things, except when it comes to computers. He is not very good with computers. He holds a lot of feelings back in fear that he will commotion someone. In order to find out if Ive let him down, I have to know him on a deeper level. This can be quite difficult because he is so subtle and modest. My grandpa wants me to be the scoop I can be.I cant tell you R Truby 4 how many times Papo reminded me to go to school and to do my homework so I can get a good job one day. I am his lineage and I am a take up reflection of this man. I am his only grandson. If I found out that I let my grandfather down, it would hurt me and I would beat myself up for it. It is my responsibility to make him proud. That is partly why Im here. s cour if his words of wisdom may at times become repetitive, I listen and respectfully nod my head. Whatever I do he somehow feels responsible for and he wants me to learn from his past and his mistakes that followed.Sadly my grandpa has to work at an old age without retirement because he has worked for himself his whole life. When he is too old to work anymore he will have to sell the farm. Im sure he would like to clutches the farm if he could. Hes guiding me in the right direction to be financially stable and he knows the rest will follow. I will always hear his voice in my head relation me what to do or which decision to make. Ill hear him telling me to hang in there when times get tough. I swear I become half the man he is because he is more than my grandfather. He is my hero.

An essay on the first stanza of A game of chess Essay

Through calling this poesy A patch of chess, Eliot continues with the theme he starts in The burial of the dead of mess who are trapped in a wastefulness and ma pouf no effort to escape it, so are hence stuck like a those in a check-mate during a real game of chess. The title is alike a reference to Women beware women by Middletone, a story in which a mother-in-law is playing chess, unaware that each guide she makes on the chess board is matched by a move in the seduction of her daughter-in-law by the duke in the story.The reference to Middletons Women beware women gives a depiction of passion and lust which Eliot uses as a contrast in the poem. In the first stanza, Eliot describes a inhabit that is elaborately decorated and make full moon with beautiful items such(prenominal) as, S levelbranched candelabra and Vials of ivory and coloured glass. Even though the room is decorated expensively, through listing the expensive items, he devalues them employ bathos and parodyi ng the womans efforts to create a room that is full of amazing items and ending up devaluing them.He compares the ladys room to Imogens bedroom in Cymbe decipher, through the mention of cupids, symbols of lamb. To stress the occurrence that although the woman has them, they are not full of life like the ones in Imogens bedroom. The woman in the room, a metaphor for people in the wasteland, is completely artificial and Eliot shows us that he disapproves of this through his comparison of her with people, such as Cleopatra, who are symbols of true art and passion.He writes, The Chair she sit in, like a burnished throne in reference to the line from Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra that says, The barge she sat in, like a burnished throne. By doing this, Eliot compares Cleopatra, described as being of infinite variety to the woman which stresses the concomitant that she is both artificial and sterile. Also, in the ladys room is an nonfunctional carv(d dolphin which Eliot mocks as t he dolphin was a medieval symbol of love and something Cleopatra used to describe Antony, yet the woman has it in her sterile room which is empty of love.Eliot feels that the womans existence violates that of those in myth. He shows this utilize references to Ovids story of Philomel. A mythical woman who was transformed into a nightingale, after her tongue was removed by her brother in-law king Tereus, to prevent her from telling others that he raped her. He tells of how she cried, Jug, jug. plainly how it travel on dirty ears because people in the wasteland cannot understand and thus continue to stay in their ways and therefore commit sins as bad as Tereus actions.Through the story, Eliot shows that true passion is not simple to obtain and like Tiresias, Philomel had to be violated before she could receive an unafraid voice. Not only is the room full of lifeless art, it is also an eerie and disturbing place. We are told that the room is infused with colour as it mentions, o cean wood fed with copper. A chemical reaction that, Burned squirt and orange. The use of a chemical reaction reminds us that the room is actually man-made and unnatural. This idea is re-enforced by, Strange and synthetic perfume. All of these things create a stuffy atmosphere, almost blinding because of the bright colours. The presence of the chemical suggests a lack of fresh air and suggests that this woman would be having trouble ventilation system another sign that she is barely existing and not truly alive. The incubus setting created in A game of chess, is an example of the public as Eliot sees it. A capitalist world filled with passionless people who he feels merely exist to fulfil their temporary and carnal desire. He criticises the woman as rather than trying to escape, she masks the atmosphere with her perfumes.He also makes references to the Sylvan scene from A paradise lost by Milton go with with the, Standards wrought with fruit vines to show what seems like an effort made by the woman to try to turn the room from hell into a paradise. But tells that she fails, beginning her descent into madness shown later in the poem. Eliot creates this room as a nightmare of the woman and then tells of how she is trapped in it, even though she tries to bring with the outside world so desperately that even, her hair, spreading out in fiery points, Glowed into words revealing her desperation to communicate with the outside world.

Punishment vs. Rehabilitation within the criminal justice system Essay

I. why did you pick this topic?If you were bullied in drill as a child, so the best years of your flavor may de abider felt to a greater extent wish an endless, living nightm atomic number 18. There is no shortage of mixer predators attempt to boost their self-esteem or status at otherwise flocks expense. Now imagine a school of hard knocks where the ingress of bullies is much higher than their victims. Thats what life may be like for umteen a convict dower conviction in prison house. How unsurmountable is it to non acquire hardened and detached under the constant bane of victimization? Its hard to imagine that reform is part of that equality when iodines very life is at stake. Yet that is one of the impressions that we on the outside bugger off of why crooks ar in prisons so that they allow for occur kick downstairs. But do they? In effort to muddle bon ton appear to function properly, we engage to close our eyes to legion(predicate) contradictions. Ir onic everyy, many atomic number 18 found within the umpire systems. We have all witnessed lawyers so hungry for money and advancement that they will protect venomouss from internment at the constitute of the next innocent victim. Another ara of nicety to which our eyes are closed are the prisons where convicted criminals do their reparation. Some master(prenominal) reasons why criminals are sent to prison areTo separate a bully from his next victim whether it be a robber from the jewellery store, a rapist from women, or a medicine dealer from his hook customers, etc. As penalty and strike back for the shames a bully has already committed against his victims. To reform or correct the behavior and reintegrate a bully back into our respectable society. The outset reason to separate a criminal from his/her next victim is the proper use of social seperation for property the public safe from further harm. The second, using imprisonment as a form of penalization and r co unterbalancege is a misguided use of honorableice, because revenge turns the punisher into the bully possibly even the murderer, if a death time is carried out. So basically we have a load of people within a free society biting out violently with the same emotions as those which are causing our prisons to fill up with offenders. As you preserve see, the legal expert system is hypocritical.My greatest concern, is how fundament incarcerating a criminal rehabilitate them that macrocosm locked in a cage surrounded by other criminals can somewhathow lead one to become a crack person. conceive of yourself trapped twenty four hours a day for a bilk of twoto twenty years in a prep school populated only by those who have beaten, robbed, stolen, murdered or looted others out of rage, hatred and some other psychological imbalance. To add misuse to injury, the world outside alarms and hates you, maybe even wants to kill you. You have to rick your way by means of the system by se rving sequence so that you can eventually graduate to being released among those who dismay and hate you because you are not an ex-con. Are prisons truly designed for rehabilitating criminals? How can a tense, selfish, survival- base aura promote a to a greater extent empathetic and emotionally balanced humanity? Given the constant negative reinforcement, it is al near impossible. In fact prisons so much by supportering educate beginners in crime to become even remedy criminals. Thats a poor investment for the proximo of our residential district. A huge shift must take arse if the subdivision of Corrections actually intends to correct the troubled one. We must find methods and curriculums which not only heal the wounds and troubled minds, still which helps them understand that crime begins with an strength that we take toward others.II. How has literature viewed this issue?Most people may stand for of prisons as nothing more than facilities where criminals are incarce rated and deprived of their freedoms while serving a sentence that has been assigned as penalisation for an illegal act they committed. While this is true, the concept of imprisonment is in addition intended to have a rehabilitative ready on con games. The basic creative thinker of rehabilitation with imprisonment is that a person who has been incarcerated will never want to be sent back to prison after they have been set free. It is hoped that an inmates experiences while locked up will leave much(prenominal) a lasting impression that a former prisoner will do whatever it takes to avoid a second term. Unfortunately, research has consistently shown that time spent in prison does not serve to rehabilitate near inmates, and the majority of criminals return to a life of crime almost immediately. umpteen compete that most prisoners will actually learn new and better ways to commit crimes while they are locked up with their fellow convicts. They can in like manner make connec tions and become more deeply involved in the criminal world.To rehabilitate is basically to take something or someone that has bygone bad and to bring them back to a useful and positive condition. In an effort to call better rehabilitative services to the inmates, many prisons have begunproviding psychiatrists to help deal with psychological disorders and serious issues held by the prisoners. They withal offer classroom settings in which inmates can learn to read and discover other means of legally advancing themselves. These methods are proven to have a positive effect on the prisoners. They have helped many to overcome a background with little or no education and encouraged some to straighten out their lives. Upon their release, prisoners who have stuck with these programs are offendn a better opportunity to succeed and to become law abiding citizens. Rehabilitation of prisoners is an passing difficult effort. Inmates are segregated from the general public and forced to live in a society where crime is a way of life. For many, time spent behind bars will push them farther into a life of crime, but for others, the horrors of prison life and the lessons they learn there are enough to convince them to do anything possible to never become wrapped again.III. Why rehabilitation through penalty doesnt workThe media tries to pose the new prison as a way to rehabilitate prisoners, whether it is through education or drug rehabilitation however, this is far from the truth for most. The first purport where this fails is the prison system does not transition their prisoners back into the society. The prison system isolates offenders from their community and family. For violent offenders, yes this is what they are suppose to do but people who are needing drug rehabilitation need support from their family and community. Additionally, a person can find more drugs in prison than he or she can find out on the streets however, at a higher price but they are still t here. The second point where the rehabilitation programs fail is the prisoner has to want to change his or her life around and many have not come to that point yet. Additionally, many states offer time cuts for taking these rehabilitation programs and many prisoners take these programs solely to get the time cuts.I personally have family that has told me, Yeah, I am going to go back out on the streets get my piece of music up (hustling) because that is the only way I can make money. Which did not make any sense to me because now most prisons do have vocational schools or college courses available however, depending on a persons offense, it does not matter the education level, sometimes it is very hard to get a decent paying job once released from prison. whitethornbe a good solution for this problem is for a firsttime drug offender or a person who seems to suffer from a amiable illness, put them in a rehabilitation center instead of a jail or prison. Prison only makes people angr ier and teaches them how to be better criminals. I have seen people go into prison for white collar crimes and come out drug addicts and better criminals. The prison system is something that definitely needs to be re-worked and re-adjusted because it is definitely failing.IV. How does this affect us socially?The expectations that our society has for the criminal justice system is to punish and rehabilitate individuals who commit crime. penalty and rehabilitation are also two of the four acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, with disincentive and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has everlastingly been the primary goal to achieve when dealing with individuals who commit acts of crime. Many theorists passim history have argued which is more effective, punishment or rehabilitation. The effectiveness of punishment and rehabilitation has been analyzed to see the effects on victims and offenders and also the social and fiscal impact on our society. The Classical School of Criminology has proposed that punishment is employ to create warnrence and the Positive School of Criminology uses the practice of rehabilitation to overthrow recidivism.DeterrenceDeterrence is one of the primary goals in the criminal justice system and it is described as special or specific deterrence and general deterrence. The purpose of special/specific deterrence is to instill fear on the offender so that they will not commit future(a) crime. General deterrence is found on punishing offenders to instill fear in society, otherwise known as teaching society a lesson and showing the consequences of committing crime. Punishment has always been imposed based on the idea that it will deter individuals from committing crime or repeating criminal acts. Incapacitation has been the most common form of punishment, however research demonstrates that recidivism amongst convicted felons following release from prison is as high as 63% and that most prison inmates had retard records and convictions prior to their current offense. (Bureau of evaluator Statistics, 1989) Punishment through enslavement is a temporary fix to crime while theoffender is confined.The maximum sentence of life in prison and the death penalty has even been debated on whether they are deterrence to crime. There are so many inherent factors within the criminal justice system that may contribute to why punishment has not been as effective as anticipated such as the appeal act upon in death penalty cases and the continuance of time that an offender sits on death row. Others argue that rehabilitation is a more permanent fix in deterring crime. Rehabilitation through community command can have a more lasting effect on individuals and deter them from committing future crime if they learn how to adapt in society by gaining academic or trade skills. These programs can help offenders find employment and secure an important role in the community and give them a sense of being. Therapy is another form of rehabilitation postulate to help deter individuals from committing future crime. Some examples of therapy include drug therapy to those offenders accustom to drugs and psychological counseling to those offenders who grew up in an abusive household.Rehabilitation is based on creating a change in the criminals lieu or re showtimes so that crime is neither a desired nor necessary activity. When an individual is sentenced to probation, it gives them the opportunity to remain self-supporting within the community and not using the taxpayer and states money to house them in a punitory facility.dupe ImpactIn many cases, victim right ons tend to be overshadowed by the rights of the accused. The courts are obligated to give a defendant their Constitutional rights including the right to a speedy trial, the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and due process under the law. Up until recently, victims rights were never recognized as an important role in the criminal justice system. In the past, victims and their families were a good deal treated as inconveniences, ignored throughout trial proceedings, and sometimes even forced to stay out of the courtroom as the proceedings went on. These issues have caused many victims to feel neglected and even re-victimized by the courts. On October 30th, 2004, The plague Victims Rights Act was signed into law by President Bush to batten rights to victims of federal crime. These rights include, to be reasonably protected from the accused offender and to find out reasonable and timely notice of any public proceeding involving the crime or of any public proceeding.(feinstein senate.gov/booklets, n.d) The majority of society, including victims of crime prefers swift punishment to rehabilitation through community supervision. According to the BJS Sourcebook of Criminal arbiter Statistics, more than three-quarters of the public see punishment as the primary justification for sentencing. They also report that more than 70 percent believe that incapacitation is the only trusted way to prevent future crimes, and more than three-quarters believe that the courts are alike easy on criminals.Public opinion supports the increased use of prisons to give criminals just desserts. When a victim or the victims family feels that their offender does not sustain the appropriate sentence, it causes emotional stress and also financial strain when replication is not implemented. Community supervision can also benefit victims in certain ways. When an offender is sentenced to intense supervision through probation, they have the might to pay restitution through employment. Other forms of rehabilitation through community supervision may also benefit a victim or their families such as programs such as one that was introduced in my county. The program is a group of victims called the Victim Impact Panel who talk to offenders that are convicted of drunk driving. These i ndividuals are brought verbal expression to face with victims and their family members of drunk driving. These programs have high hopes of deterring individuals from committing such acts.Offender ImpactPunishment through incarceration has many effects on convicted criminals. Incarceration has many effects on the offender psychological well-being. When an offender is separated from their family, it causes severe depression. Supporters of rehabilitation versus punishment argue that sentencing offenders to incarceration hurt the family structure by contributing to single parenting. They also argue that punishment causes social disorientation, alienation, and also increases the risk of recidivism. When an offender is released from incarceration, they face social isolation, stigmatism, economic and employment challenges. Rehabilitation through community supervision eliminates many of these issues, such as the economic & employment factor. Probation allows offenders to remain with their families, await working or find employment under close supervision. medicate CourtsThere are certain crimes that would benefit from rehabilitation more so than punishment, such as non-violent drug related. Criminals who commit acts of crimes to support their drug employment need treatment more than punishment. In many states, such as New York, Drug courts have been established. Drug courts represent the coordinated efforts of the judiciary, prosecution, denial bar, probation, law enforcement, mental health, social service, and treatment communities to actively and forcefully interact and break the cycle of substance abuse, addiction, and crime. Drug courts quickly identify substance-abusing offenders and place them under strict court monitoring and community supervision, coupled with effective, long-term treatment services. The National Drug Court Institute describes the process that a participant as an intense regimen of substance abuse and mental health treatment, case manage ment, drug testing, and probation supervision while reporting to regularly scheduled status hearings before a judge. In addition, drug courts may provide job skill training, family/group counseling, and many other life-skill enhancement services. Data consistently show that treatment, when completed is effective and loss more cost effective.Social Impact upon orderlinessThe social impact of punishment and rehabilitation varies from the increasing costs of correctional facilities to the disruption of families to the fear of criminals released into community. Societys view plays a major role in the criminal justice system. Societys beliefs in the just desserts theory has played a role in the courts. The push for authorization sentencing has even entered political campaigns in response to the public. Getting tough on crime was the basis behind different mandatory sentencing practices. The increase of correctional facilities is also related to societys impact on punishment versus re habilitation. Fiscal ImpactThe fiscal impact that punishment has on our solid ground is phenomenal. It has been reported that it costs an average of $30,000 per year to house, feed, clothe, and supervise a prisoner. This come across does not include the costs of construction and other factors. Many rehabilitation programs have been introduced to not only help deter crime, but also to reduce the rising costof punishment. Privatization of corrections has been also looked at as an effort to reduce the costs of punishment. Many states have also instituted alternatives to incarceration such as boot camps or shock camps. These programs are proven to be less costly than incarceration. The cost of shock incarceration in New York State has been estimated to be $10,000 less per year per prisoner than the cost of traditional incarceration (Punishment vs. rehabilitation A Proposal for revising Sentencing Practices, kinfolk 1991) The use of intensive parole programs has been estimated to save taxpayers an estimated ten to thirteen meter dollars per year compared to the cost of incarceration.Overview of Punishment and RehabilitationPunishment and rehabilitation are a major part of the criminal justice system and will be effective in controlling crime if there is a way to incorporate the two factors to work together. Punishing and following up with rehabilitation through community supervision can be the source of helping deter crime. Punishment and community supervision should be based on the type of crime. If the appropriate sentence is issued upon an offender, it can help deter them from future criminal activity. Punishment vs. Rehabilitation in the Criminal Justice SystemWorks CitedCadigan, Brian. Correcting Our Flawed Criminal Justice System, One snobby Prison at a Time. The Bottom Line UCSB. N.p., 11 whitethorn 2011. Web. 09 May 2013.Dutta, Sunil. How to Fix Americas Broken Criminal Justice System. The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 30 De c. 2010. Web. 07 May 2013. Vedantam, Shankar. When hatred Pays Prison Can Teach Some To Be Better Criminals. NPR. NPR, 01 Feb. 2013. Web. 07 May 2013.

Hotel Industry

Introduction In the Introduction I have researched a given division of the Hotel ara In Kolkata i. e. extravagance storing up of Hotels. The musical composition settled on the present Macro Business in India and its fellowship to the friendliness business. The focuses argon as secedes with- Macro Environment may be depicted as the major outside and uncontrollable segments that impacts a conglomerations plectrum settling on and effects its choice making and approach. PESTEL) Political, Social, Economical, Technological, Environmental, Legal investigation of Luxury Collection of Hotels. Evaluation of PESTEL examination Negative and Positive Aspects. of import Body Political issues that kick downstairs for the abundance lodgings are the strikes that happen consistently. The clients are hesitant to visit and thusly drop reservations and lodgings run on occurrences. The foundations of certain structures are also an issue on the unity thousand that the promoters does not contempla te further frameworks as bids hail from top power.Thusly structures are not made and the zone moves to working in the direction of inching toward acquiring pummeled decimating occupations of different individuals. The Economical issues may be the sponsorship imperfections made watching the touch now clients starting from outside in particular complete visitors they learn to stay in a wealth lodge that is composed close-by spirit and in a spot where the street unite with the generally utterance city.For instance lets take a river side hotel which is situated in Kolkata as an example, the separation is essentially far at a partition from the cartroad or to the suburbs to the city so standard if the visitor has a get-as one kept inside the city he should leave early by a hour or two to finish the specific storage on time which winds up being essentially a nervousness. to that degree for a uxury hotel, it is essentially coordinated amidst the shed and the city so its oft support ive for the visitor to stay in an important indulgence retentiveness up which at the same focus is what is more segregated at a partitioning from every spot of the confusion which about bargains to act generous situations. The Social issues may be impeccable for an occasion finale of the line for the most part social occasions as it moreover incorporates I. T. arts and where there is a touch of progress individuals raise moreover encounter the certain underpinnings as the city Kolkata incorporates academic castles case in point British space offices and Queen Elizabeths Victoria Memorial. So clients can encounter some(prenominal) forward and bona fide being. As the city is not verdant based hence it has appositive impact. Here the customers can like both expert and private necessities. Summation- The report thoroughly recognizes the PESTEL examination and its needful finishes influence on the client cooperation.What are the various meanders being undertaken and what are the notable things and its suspected organize beginning from the foundation till the prodding position. How the whole cordiality business influences the business redesign as an constitutional degree that Macro Environment determining the budgetary and the political issues as the central issue. At whatever time its all stated and through with(p) the examination insists if the steps taken are gainful or reversion acknowledged.

Spatial Comparisons of Organotin Contamination in Common Seafood Species Collected in Hong Kong Waters

Spatial equations of Organotin Contamination in Common Seafood Species Collected in Hong Kong WatersContent1 ) workings titleP.32 ) Background of study.....P.33 ) Mechanism of biosorption...P.44 ) Methodology..P.65 ) speculation for the project.P.76 ) Overall pioneer aim..P.87 ) Specific objectivesP.88 ) Problems to be overcome..P.89 ) Hazard assessment.P.99.1 Laboratory.P.99.2 Field visit.P.910 ) docket...P.1011 ) References..P.11Working rubricSpatial comparings of organotin taint in common seafood species still in Hong Kong WaterssBackground of surveyOrganotin compounds are used for a assortment of applications, including antifouling pigments for ship hulls, timber preservatives, and UV stabilizers in plastics. Organotin compounds are considered to be one of the hormone disruptors since many shipboard soldier beings exposed to tribyltyltin ( TBT ) or triphentyltin ( TPT ) exhibit sexual abnormalcies ( Yamabe et al. , 2000 ) . Organotin compounds are aquaphobic due to the pr esence of hydrocarbon substituents and therefore their solubility in H2O is relatively little ( Yi et al. , 2012 ) . Wide distribution, high hydrophobicity, and continuity of organotin compounds wee-wee raised veneration about their bioaccumulation, their possiblebiomagnification in the nutrient webs, and their inauspicious effects tothe adult male wellness and environment ( Galloway, 2006 Nakanishi,2007 Takahashi et al. , 1999 Veltman et al. , 2006 ) .In consciousness of the unsought impacts of TBT, attempts have been undertaken in order to happen a planetary solution to this job and licit demands have been enforced to protect the aquatic environment. The International Maritime memorial tablet ( IMO ) called for a planetary pact that bans the application of TBT-based pigments get downing 1 January 2003, and entire prohibition by 1 January 2008 ( CD,2002 IMO,2001 )Several carnal experiments have suggested that the spectrum of possible inauspicious chronic systemic effects of organotins in worlds is sooner wide and includes primaryimmunosuppressive, endocrinopathic, neurotoxic metabolic, and enzymatic activity, every bit unattackable as possible eyepiece, cuticular, cardiovascular, upper respiratory, pneumonic, GI, blood dyscrasias, reproductive/teratogenic/ educational, liver, kidney, bioaccumulative, and mayhap carcinogenic activity ( EU-SCOOP, 2006, Nakanishi, 2007 WHO-IPCS, 1999 ) .Hong Kong is a international port and the largest container lthroughout in the human beings ( Marine Department of Hong Kong SAR, 2005 ) . Besides vessel activity in Hong Kong is infinitely increasing within the see boundary ( 1600 kilometer2) . Most of sea trade are intense around Victoria Harbour. It is between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula. These activities/facilities are major(ip) beginnings to let go of organotins compounds to local Marine environment. Besides, vessel-based pollutants can come from former(a) country. For illustration, Yan Tian Port ( Shen Zhen ) . It is located near to Hong Kong boundary ( & lt 5km ) and started operation from 1996. With rapid development on sea traffic, organotins is an of import contamination in Hong Kong Waterss ( Leung et al. , 2006 )5 ) Hypo thesis for the undertaking-Ship activity is the chief beginning of organotins compunds.-Organotins can be accumulate through nutrient concatenationOverall undertaking purpose Analyse more than 6 compounds ( including TPT ) . Comparison taint degree in different territories in Hong Kong. Comparison taint degree in different species of common seafood. Investigate the jobs caused by organotin taint. Determine the beginnings of organotin. And, seek to happen out the solution the prevent farther taint.AgendaOctober ( hebdomad 10-14 )hebdomad 8-13 Preparation of sampleNovember ( hebdomad 14-18 )Week 14-18 sample aggregation and categorizationDecember ( hebdomad 19-23 )Week 19-23 ingest analysisJanuary ( hebdomad 24-27 )Week 24-27 Writing for the Disserta tionFebruary ( hebdomad 28-31 )Week 28 Preparation for presentationWeek 28 OralPresentationWeek 29-35 Alteration of DissertationWeek35 Acme Draft of thesis to Prof.Kenneth LeungMarch ( hebdomad 36-44 )Week 36-44 Revision of thesisWeek44 Acme Final version of thesisMentions candle Commission Directive 2002/62/EC of 9 July 2002. O J Eur Commun 2002 L183589.EU-SCOOP. Revised appraisal of the acci hideoutts to wellness and the environment associated with the usage of the four organotin compounds TBT, DBT, DOT and TPT. Directorate General health and Consumer Protection 2006. hypertext transfer communications communications protocol //ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk_committees/04_scher/docs/scher_o_047.pdf Accessed 03/10/2014.Galloway, T. S. ( 2006 ) . Biomarkers in environmental and human wellness hazard appraisal.Marine pollution bulletin,53( 10 ) , 606-613.IMO. International Marine Organisation. International convention on the control of harmful antifouling systems on ships 2001.hype rtext transfer protocol //www.imo.org/Conventions/mainframe.asp? topic_id=529 Accessed 01/10/2014.Leung, K. M. , Kwong, R. P. , Ng, W. C. , Horiguchi, T. , Qiu, J. W. , Yang, R. , & A Lam, P. K. ( 2006 ) . Ecological hazard appraisals of hormone interrupting organotin compounds utilizing ocean neogastropods in Hong Kong.Chemosphere,65( 6 ) , 922-938.Marine Department of Hong Kong SAR, 2005. Port of Hong Kong in Figures. 2005 Edition.Nakanishi, T. ( 2007 ) . Potential toxicity of organotin compounds via atomic receptor signaling in mammals.Journal of wellness scientific discipline,53( 1 ) , 1-9.Takahashi, S. , Mukai, H. , Tanabe, S. , Sakayama, K. , Miyazaki, T. , & A Masuno, H. ( 1999 ) . Butyltin residues in livers of worlds and wild tellurian mammals and in fictile merchandises.Environmental Pollution,106( 2 ) , 213-218.Veltman, K. , Huijbregts, M. A. , Van den Heuvel-Greve, M. J. , Vethaak, A. D. , & A Hendriks, A. J. ( 2006 ) . Organotin accretion in an estuarial nutrient concatenation canvas field measurings with theoretical account appraisals.Marine environmental research, 61( 5 ),511-530.WHO-IPCS. World Health Organisation. International Programme on ChemicalSafety. Tributyl compounds. Environmental wellness standards 116 1999. hypertext transfer protocol //www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc116.htm Accessed 03/10/2014.Yamabe, Y. , Hoshino, A. , Imura, N. , Suzuki, T. , & A Himeno, S. ( 2000 ) . Enhancement of androgen-dependent written text and cell proliferation by tributyltin and triphenyltin in human prostate malignant neoplastic disease cells.Toxicology and utilise pharmacological medicine,169( 2 ) , 177-184.Yi, A. X. , Leung, K. M. , Lam, M. H. , Lee, J. S. , & A Giesy, J. P. ( 2012 ) . Review of mensural concentrations of triphenyltin compounds in marine ecosystems and meta-analysis of their hazards to worlds and the environment.Chemosphere,89( 9 ) , 1015-1025.1

Background And History Of Enron Accounting Essay

Enron was founded in 1985 through the amalgamation of Houston Natural torpedo and Internorth, a natural gas community based in Omaha, Nebraska, and speedily became the major energy and petrochemical trade in goods barg personaler to a lower come to the fore the leading of its president, Kenneth Lay. In 1999, Enron moved its operations online, t asideing the largest online avocation exchange as genius of the redbird commercialise shapers in natural gas, electricity, rough oil, petrochemicals and plastics. Enron diversified into coal, transportation, steel & A metals, mush & A paper, and hitherto into such(prenominal) trade goods as conditions and credit rating derived functions. At its extremum, Enron was describing grosss of $ 80 billion and net incomes of $ 1 billion, and was for six back-to-back senior ages lauded by Fortune as America s close advanced federation.The sudden surrender, nevertheless, of Enron Vice-Chairman Clifford Baxter inMay of 2001 and subseque nt surrender of chief operating officer Jeffrey Skilling in August of 2001, twain of whom retired for unrevealed personal grounds, should truss served as the first indi postt of the problems brewing within Enron. Mr. Skilling had been elected chief operating officer that months ahead, and Mr. Baxter had become Vice-Chairman in 2000. Fin al unmatchedy, amidst analysts and investors inquiries sing unrevealed coalitions and rumours of crying chronicle mistakes, Enron announced on October 16, 2001 it was taking a $ 544 million dollar after-tax-charge against net incomes and a decrease in received retainer equity by $ 1.2 billion due to related minutess with LJM-2. As will be discussed in the undermenti wizardd subdivision, LJM-2 was partnership managed and partly owned by Enron s CFO, Andrew Fastow. The LJM partnerships provided Enron with a spo ingestion for continuedown gross revenues and purchases both mo good as an instrument to misrepresent hazard.Less than a month subsequently Enron announced that it would be repeat its net incomes from 1997 through 2001 because of be mistakes associating to minutess with another Fastow partnership, LJM Cayman, and Chewco Investments, which was managed by Michael Kopper. Mr. Kopper was the invite out kill manager of Enron s planetary finance unit and reported right away to the CFO, Mr. Fastow. Chewco Investments was a partnership created out of the shoot to deliver an international investor s closeness in another Enron partnership and will be discussed at length in the undermentioned subdivision.Such restatements sparked a formal see by the SEC into Enron s partnerships. Other questionable partnerships were coming to plain radiation, including the Raptors partnerships. These restatements were prodigious, and combined with Enron s revelation that their CFO Mr. Fastow was paid in inordinateness of $ 30 million for the room of LJM-1 and LJM-2, investor assurance was crushed. Enron s debt military rati ngs later plummeted, and one month subsequently, on December 2, 2001, Enron filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11.Q. 1 ) What were the steps which Enron had missed to regulate during the full doodly-squat?At the cleanspaper clipping of its filing for bankruptcy in December 2001 the interlinking industrial gimmick of Enron was to the full grasped by few foreigners, and more(prenominal) complete discipline as to the true degrees of its as ad in force(p)s, liabilities and off-balance-sheet places was still blossoming. An thought of the contri stille s complexness locoweed be obtained from such characteristics as its 2,800 offshore units and the 54 pages required to find out people and companies owed money by Enron. This was a far call from the planetary field of operations which in the 1980s specialized in the proviso of natural gas grapevines and related function. But from these beginnings Enron expanded unrelentingly into trading activities in 1,800 merchand ises or contracts and 13 currencies.Part of the motive of Enron s behavior was similar to that of numerous other houses in the 1990s, deducing from the links between stock pecuniary appreciate and executives wage and wealth, above all through stock options. However, in Enron s type the factor of its recognition evaluation was excessively of upshot. The house s rapid enlargement required entree to big sums of investment trusting and as its engagement in trading activities grew, so did the importance of its recognition evaluation since this determined its funding costs and crucially the willingness of its counterparties to merchandise with it.In order to keep the house s recognition evaluation Enron sought it to be native that it portrays a gold income, while deflecting an inordinate purchase on Enron s balance sheet. So as to accomplish this, the house sanctuaryed to ridiculous goings from transp arnce which affected the house s dealingss with investors and creditors, it s ain panel of managers ( and thereof an of import flock of its internal control ) , and other stake drawers of the corporation. The house s usage of limited purpose entities ( SPEs ) was portion and package of the patterns employed to pull strings the house s net incomes prefigures and balance sheet, as was resort to hedge and the usage of derived functions in struggle with coverage regulations or vex logic ( or both ) . Many of the minutess associated with this use were as well as associated with self-dealing by Enron executives taking to important personal enrichment. In summing up the causes for Enron s dip argon ascribed toEnron s failure to detect good integrated administration.Enron s showy use of grade to market accounting.Enron s complex minutess with particular purpose entities.This analysis has been restricted to Enron s non observation of good corporeal administration.Corporate administration is concerned with the relationships between a concern s steering an d its senesce of managers, its stock acquiters and loaners, and it s other stakeholders such as employees, clients, providers, and the company of which it is a portion. The assailable therefore concerns the bewilder through which concern aims are set and the agencies of achieving them and otherwise monitoring macrocosm presentation are determined. favourable merged administration follows rules which still vary significantly among states and which are instantly the topic of assorted enterprises designed to accomplish understanding on an acceptable model of basic criterions. Execution of rules of good incarnate administration presupposes right public presentation on the portion of several different parties from both the private and public sectors. The function of these parties must be complemented by profound commandment, which in the instance of a house with operations every bit complex as Enron includes non merely major regulators of the financial sectors but in any ev ent the regulator of the energy sector. Certain facets that will be dealt, herein, areEnron s frame of inducements and countenances plug-in of managersAccountants/auditorsBanks, Financial analysts and SECsEnron s system of inducements and countenancesThe influence of the house s stock pecuniary value on the inducement system for Enron s employees became progressively of import during the long monetary roar of the 1990s. In the instance of senior staff this reflected a wage system of which a fundamental portion consisted of stock options. For other staff much of their draw near eggs was invested in Enron stock with the active encouragement of Enron s ain direction. An of import portion of this procedure consisted of retirement nest eggs programs under which staff s ain parts were topped up by parts from Enron itself.Many of Enron employees had invested significant amounts in Enron s ain stock this was actively encouraged by Enron s direction itself. But at the same clip Enron of ficers and a few managers were themselves selling the house s stock on a monolithic graduate table, gross revenues no un genuinety partially due to normal portfolio variegation but besides likely to hold been progressively influenced by insider cognition of the turning incertitude of Enron s existent state of affairs.Board of managersIn order to accomplish good merged administration an of import function is attribute to histrions in the board of managers and free-living external hearers. Key maps of the board of managers, which were peculiarly relevant in the instance of Enron, include choice and wage of executives, macrocosm watchful to possible struggles of involvement adversely impacting the house, and guaranting the unity of the company s systems of accounting and pecuniary coverage. Prerequisites for suitable public presentation include entree to accurate and timely information bearing on the fulfillment of these duties.It should be emphasized that when looking at the ma nagers of Enron s Board it was apparent that the managers did non map independently. Fiscal ties between Enron and a bulk of its managers seem to hold weakened their objectiveness in their remissness of Enron. Such relationships with Enron whitethorn hold do it leaden for such board members to be nonsubjective or critical of Enron direction. Many of these Enron Board members may hold felt that their compensation might be endangered by oppugning such concerns in Board meetings, therefore, bring forthing weak nodders and flunkies as managers and thereby, impart to the autumn of Enron.One widely recognized rule of good corporate administration is that the board be independent of direction. It is indispensable that a board be capable of looking objectively at the direction and outside professional advisers of a house, and Enron s Board was non capable in this regard. It should besides be mentioned here that of the compensation paid to the board a significant proportion was in the signifier of stock options, a pattern capable of exercising on the board pressures to O.K. determinations probably to hold a favorable influence on the house s stock monetary value similar to those besides exerted on direction. The Board should formulate to assist forefend struggles of involvement, guarantee scrutinizing independence and accurate financial coverage, oversee compensation patterns, every bit good as many other dislocations that occurred within Enron. Compromised by its restraints and conventionality the Board failed in its undertaking.Accountants/auditorsSing scrutinizing good corporate administration requires high up- case criterions for prep and revelation, and independency for the external hearer. Enron s external hearer was Arthur Andersen, which besides provided the house with encompassing internal auditing and consulting services. The history of dealingss between Enron and Arthur Andersen suggests that they were often characterised by tensenesss due to th e latter is scruples refering several characteristics of Enron s.Materials from audit Committee meetings indicate that its members were alert of such bad accounting methods world employed by Enron, but did non move on them. These concerns, nevertheless, were neer decently turn to and were non efficaciously communicated to the Audit and Compliance Committee by Andersen.It is of import to stress that Enron was utilizing engineerings ( or complex fiscal techniques ) that helped to befog the house s true fiscal outcomes. Had investors been more cognizant of and understood the significance of such extremely structured partnerships, they would non hold been as deceived by the fiscal consequences and would hold looked more skeptically at the house s fiscal status. The deficiency of fiscal coverage foil represents the failure of another bed of corporate administration protection that stockholders are usually provided. Stockholders rely on the fiscal studies and information that direct ion produces. When such studies are inaccurate and have been manipulated stockholders are stripped of another apparatus that helps to truly supervise the public presentation of direction, which is what happened with the instance of Enron.Banks and Financial analystsEnron s Bankss were profoundly involved in the house s resort to techniques for the use of its reported net incomes and balance sheet. The Finance Committee should hold taken a more proactive function in analyzing and supervising the minutess. It should be seen that the Finance Committee holding been cognizant of the unstable nature of the related-party minutess in Enron, failed in its duty of supervising the minutess. A forum for more extended inquiring from managers sing the minutess was the ground that such a commission existed. Their calling was to examine and take apart the minutess that they reviewed and to supervise hazard, neither of which they did for these related-party minutess. Most fiscal analysts covering Enron stock continued to urge it to investors good into the fall of 2001, even as disclosures refering Enron s accounting and direction weaknesss began to proliferate. Many of the analysts made this good word even though they admitted that they did non to the full understand the house s operations and construction.Q.2 Lacuna in the bing police force due to which the Enron dirt took topographic pointThe Enron LoopholeThe good Exchange bring exempts certain energy derived functions contracts from ordinance by the good Futures avocation care ( CFTC ) . These freedoms are popularly k right offn as the Enron loophole. soar up energy monetary values have elevated concerns some whether the CFTC has fair to middling information about these unregulated markets to supervise energy trading in a comprehensive mode. The Farm Bill established a more rigorous regulative government for electronic trading installings that offer contracts that take on a important function in founding en ergy monetary values. A figure of other measures in the hundred-and-tenth Congress would enforce new coverage or regulative demands on the bilateral energy barters market, which was non addressed by the Farm Bill. This study will be updated as legislative developments warrant.In 2000, Congress passed the Commodity Futures Modernization Act whose cardinal look was to put out the conditions under which derivative fiscal contracts instruments like hereafters, options, or barters, whose value is linked to the monetary value of some implicit in trade good could be lawfully traded in the over-the counter ( over-the-counter ) market, that is, away the hereafters exchanges that are regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission ( CFTC ) . The CFMA established three classs of trade goods and made them subject to changing grades of ordinance fiscal trade goods ( such as involvement rates, currency monetary values, or stock indexes ) were defined as excluded trade goods. Excluded tra de goods can be traded in the OTC market with minimum CFTC disrespect, provided that little public investors are non allowed to merchandise. A 2nd class is unpolished trade goods here, because of concerns about monetary value use, the jurisprudence specifies that all derived functions based on arise trade goods must be traded on a CFTC-regulated exchange unless the CFTC issues a specific freedom after happening that a proposed OTC agricultural contract would be consistent with the public involvement.Finally, there is a tertiary all-other class an exempt trade good which includes whatever is neither fiscal nor agricultural. In today s markets, this means chiefly metals and energy trade goods. The statutory freedom from ordinance provided by the CFMA for exempt trade goods is usually known as the Enron loophole. Before its prostration in 2001, Enron Corp. was a trailblazer in OTC energy trading and developed an electronic market ( Enron Online ) for trading physical and derivative contracts based on a figure of energy merchandises. Defined in the jurisprudence as fiscal establishments, restitution companies, broker/dealers, authorities units, professional hereafters bargainers, and concerns and persons run intoing certain plus and income thresholds. The disposed(p) is that these are sophisticated bargainers who do non necessitate the protections offered by authorities ordinance. Trading founding is defined in jurisprudence as a installation or system in which multiple participants have the ability to put to death or merchandise understandings, contracts, or minutess by accepting commands and offers made by other participants that are unfastened to multiple participants in the installation or system. These are defined as eligible contract participants who ( 1 ) trade in the physical trade good or ( 2 ) on a regular basis provide hazard direction or hedge services to those who do. Defined as a trading installation, that operates over an electron ic or telecommunications web and maintains an audit trail of minutess.Basically, one of the ways to counter fiscal dirts is to better the quality of scrutinizing services. However, the current legal, regulative and corporate administration model is robust and sufficient to protect the market. This is hard because the figure of fiscal dirts affecting hearers is increasing. Furthermore, whilst corporate administration may hold improved but the hearers responsibilities and duties are shrouded in enigma and mystique as of all time. There is a blank in the current legal model as the responsibilities and duties reposed on hearers under common jurisprudence, the Companies Act , BAFIA and the CMSA are unsymmetrical in countering the fiscal dirts.Other defectsEnron, an energy trading company is the first dirt which shook up the scrutinizing profession although there were many instances affecting hearers since the 18 century. Enron has caused a crisis to the assurance in hearers and the de pendability of fiscal coverage. The audit quality and the independency of the hearers were questionable. This is because the hearers, who were Arthur Andersen, were non merely having fees for scrutinizing but for non-audit services excessively i.e. for consultancy services. In 2001, Arthur Andersen bring in US $ 55 million for non-audit services. Furthermore, there were regular exchanges of employees within Enron from Arthur Andersen. to a lower place the common jurisprudence responsibilities and duties, there is no responsibility reposed on the hearers to avoid struggle of involvements. Therefore, the fact that Arthur Andersen was offering non-audit services is non a breach of jurisprudence in the first topographic point.Under the Companies Act , although independency of the hearers is indispensable as can be seen in S. 9 of the Companies Act which disqualifies certain individuals from being eligible as hearers, the proviso does non cover with issues refering the offering of non -audit services to the company. This is because the proviso merely prohibits an employee, officer, spouse or employee or employer of an officer from being appointed as an hearer. The offering of the non-audit services by the hearers to a company is in the capacity of an independent contractor. The jurisprudence assumes that such individuals are independent. This is because independency is the basis for scrutinizing. However, there will be struggle of involvement and because the independency of the hearer will be affected.Although Arthur Andersen was doing a study on the company s histories, they did non chance on fraud to the stakeholders. This is because the fraud was committed by the direction. Kenneth Lay took place US $ 152 million although the company was confronting a loss. If the hearers were to describe they likely will non be appointed in subsequent old ages or be engaged for non-audit services. They made sure that they were in the direction s good books. They maintained confidentiality but for the incorrect grounds.The U.S. authorities secure the stakeholders that Enron was merely a instance of one bad apple. Nonetheless, in 2002, WorldCom which is one of the biggest telecommunications company in US collapsed. The issue sing hearers reached a high degree due to Enron. It was found that the hearers, Arthur Anderson, did non take proper stairss in find accounting abnormalities. Although it is the responsibility of the hearers to observe accounting abnormalities, they failed to make so. Since they failed to make so truly, they should be apt. As a consequence of Enron, the audit house Arthur Andersen in Malaysia was dissolved.On the other manus, it is hard to find the scope of the hearers responsibilities and duties. This is because in at least four affairs, the American International Group Incorporated s hearer i.e. PricewaterhouseCoopers are cognizant of debatable accounting but mulish that they were non material. If the military strength is sha red by the scrutinizing profession, it can be considered that the hearers have performed their responsibilities and duties consequently. However, the position must besides be agreed by the tribunals before set uping whether the hearers have performed their responsibilities and duties consequently.When Enron took topographic point, it was thought it could non go on in Malaysia. In fact the SC believed that since Malaysia patterns different set of accounting and auditing regulations. However, much before Enron, there have been instances which involved scrutinizing dirts. In fact the dirts pose a changeless menace to the regulative construction, public trust and assurance in the market economic system. Therefore, it has raised concerns sing the credibleness of the audit profession.The consequence of these alterations was that, what had antecedently been a system of healthy cheques and balances became a united presence at the disbursal of investors. Alternatively of holding opposed inv olvements that served to protect investors, they now had an unhealthy common involvement. The fiducial responsibility that executives owed to stockholders took a back place to the chase of a short-run addition in stock monetary value. Accountants, who had once policed fiscal studies in order to protect the public, now had a strong inducement to assist executives to make whatever it took to hike portion monetary value in order to maintain them as confer with withing clients. And investing bankers no continuing served as sure advisors to their clients, reconnoitering out the best securities. They found it more advantageous to work with executives and comptrollers to finance trades that raised stock monetary values, even if it meant selling out their clients.Q.3 ) What were the Amendments that were brought in send off Enron Issue?The Enron Scandal caused a loss of an estimated $ 74 billion to the stockholders. later the prostration of Enron, several issues were earmarked for the at tending of reformists including The function of concern financess in policy-making candidacy. The extent of energy companies influence on national energy policy. The demand to reform tribute Torahs to halt over-exposure to one stock and forestall a company from puting its pension financess in its ain stock. The demand for higher criterions of transparentness and revelation in the audit profession. Potential struggles of involvement between consultancy and scrutinizing work undertaken by fiscal houses. The demand for tighter ordinance on fiscal derived functions trading.Sarbanes -Oxley Act ( SOX ) of 2002The sudden prostration of Enron Corporation in late 2001, amid disclosures that its public accounting statements had been manipulated and falsified to hide the company s true fiscal place, was the first in a series of major accounting dirts affecting American corporations. The reply of the 107th Congress was to go through the Sarbanes-Oxley Act ( P.L. 107-204 ) , sometimes descr ibed as the most sweeping amendments to the securities Torahs since the 1930s. The SOX came as a US legislative repartee to the recent batch of accounting dirts. It provided for conformity with comprehensive reform of accounting and required for publically held companies to advance and better the quality and transparence of fiscal coverage by internal and external hearers. Companies must list and route public presentation of their stuff hazards and associated control processs. Companies can no longer do loans to company managers.SOX Act besides did non turn to other cardinal causesmisaligned inducements ( e.g. , displacement from hard currency to stock option compensation central point on short-term net incomes instead than longer run net income public presentation.Congress s purpose in go throughing Sarbanes-Oxley was to reconstruct assurance in fiscal markets by increasing corporate answerability, heightening public revelations of fiscal information, and beef uping corporate a dministration. More life-threatening miserable punishments for securities fraud were besides enacted. The Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) has adoptive more than a twelve concluding regulations to implement the Act s commissariats. These regulations raise criterions of answerability for corporate executives, boards of managers, independent hearers, and corporate lawyers.Some of the of import characteristics of the Act wereThe Act created a national Accounting Oversight Board that, among other activities, must set up the moralss criterions used by certified public accountant houses in fixing audits.It was required that the hearers retain audit working documents for undertake periods of clip.It was required that hearer rotary motion forbiding the same individual from being the lead hearer for more than five old ages.It was required that the CEO and CFO certify that the company s fiscal statements are true, just and accurate.The Act prohibited corporations from widening pe rsonal loans to executives and managers.It was required that the audited company discloses whether it has espouse the codification of moralss for its senior fiscal officers.It was required that the SEC on a regular basis review each corporation s fiscal statements.The Act prevented employers from retaining against research analysts that write negative studies.It imposed condemnable punishments on hearers and clients for falsification, destructing, changing or hiding records.It imposed all right or penalty on any individual that defrauds stockholders.It increased punishments for mail and electrify defraud from 5 to 20 old ages in prison.The Act establishes condemnable liability for failure of corporate officers to attest fiscal studies.A Few contingent Lessons and actionsa-?We need a structural inspection and repair of the system, includingNew regulations forbiding houses that do the accounting for a company from making any confer withing for that companyThrough run finance reform , a committed attempt is needed to acquire large money out of political relationsReregulation and inadvertence of energy trading and distributiona-?We must penalize corporate irresponsibleness More attempt and diligence is needed in tracking and exposing corporate irresponsibleness and authorities must beef up the current slap-on-the-wrist penalties. At a start, this includes a continued thorough probe of the Enron/Andersen by Congress, the SEC, and the jurist Department, with the public non accepting a watered down version from the authorities.a-?Workers should hold more engagement and power in direction determinations, particularly when pension financess are involved. If this had been in topographic point, Enron perchance would nt hold collapsed, and the employees surely could hold salvaged some of their nest eggs. Losing one s full pension fund is good evidences for demanding employee determination doing power to forestall it in the hereafter.a-?We demand to rouse against trad e understandings demand to go on to construct a strong, widespread battle against these trade understandings such as the GATS, and expose them for what they truly are mechanisms for development of the universe s people, land, resources, and public services. The authorization of these understandings is to let for the Enron s of the universe unrestricted entree to privatise which will probably merely take to more Enron s on a planetary graduated table. Without this battle, local and public services will go on to be lost.