Name Essays (365 words) - Stress, Neuroscience, Brain,

Name Professor's name Course number Year Introduction Stress is the feeling that causes mental or emotional pressure from activities, words or circumstances that result to strains. It exists amongst all of us and can be short or long term depending on the magnitude of the situation that has led to the stress. It is a normal issue in our everyday life but it becomes dangerous and problematic when it interferes with our normal activities and when it begins to over cloud our judgment (Noyan and Cohen , 13) . If the stress within us begins to creep into us, feeling of tiredness, irritability and lack iof concentration are the most obvious symptoms of stress, once we see this in us, we shous either handle the situation or know the relevant measures to be taken regarding the stress levels. What causes stress Stress can be caused by anything that does not goe the you want it to or any materialistic deprivation even emotional neglection. Generally anything that will make our mental or emotional state to have strains in adjusting or demanding circumstances is a source of stress, from a broken glass to traffic to even a simple article than one may read off something. Stress is mentally propagated and hence we can say anything can cause stress as long as it is unpleasant to the mind. Why it is not good Stress is not good for it has varying effects amongst us. While some may decide to assume it and dismiss it, others may even go to an extent of murder or even suicide in an attempt to control the stressful situation and seek solace. How to deal with stress effectively The re are numerous ways to deal with stress, from taking yoga classes for the peaceful to extreme sport activities for the hyperactive. Others opt to assume the problem and move on though it is not advisable. One needs to identify the root cause of the stress and deal with it accordingly to avoid its long term effects completely. Works Cited Noyan, Ismail C., and Jerome B. Cohen. Residual stress: measurement by diffraction and interpretation . Springer, 2013.

buy custom Low-Performing in Schools essay

buy custom Low-Performing in Schools essay Williams, a former middle school teacher, was tasked with finding out what the problem was with the low-performing in schools. She was to come up with a turnaround that could be followed to change the performance of students for better. When she visited the Keswick Elementary School, the first thing she wanted to look was the type of students being taught in that school. She, therefore, assessed the students and found out that most of them were a mixture of the whites and African Americans and also the disabled students. This could not be a problem to the performance of school. She then headed to the faculty members to check if they had any problems. She, therefore, looked at the approach that the faculty members were using. She realized that the faculty members used the Montessori-based reading approach. As she assessed teachers, she also realized that there were some issues which had not been taken in carefully with teachers. She realized that teachers did not have a regular assess ment of students and, therefore, they did not have the information regarding students and how they were assimilating the information being taught. In my view, the performance of students takes a wholesome approach. The faculty members need to assess students and know how they perform in the areas that they have been taught. From the assessment, Williams realized that teachers were not aware of the use of some formative tests that could be used to know how students are performing. Another interesting thing is that teachers were not aware of the performance of various students present at the class. An example is that of the performance of various races in the class. On the reasons why students with disabilities failed, William assessed and realized that students in these classes were at special classes all days without a chance to interact with the students at regular classes. This, Williams concluded, affected the way students with disabilities were learning. There is a need to have the sessions of students with disabilities with normal classes. There are some causal theories that are talked of that contribute to the reasons that cause the low performance of most schools. Many theories have pinpointed the various issues dealing with students and their performance. Poverty is an issue that many people advocating for the change and turnaround at poor schools that have less to do with. In as much as the leaders advise the people on the effects of poverty and the causes of poverty, they have nothing else to do. Poverty is hard to eradicate unless politically. In my view, I feel that the turnaround effort that should be taken for the poor performing students should take a wholesome approach. This is to say that all teachers, parents, and students, each of them has a part to play. I, therefore, feel that teachers should be taught to learn from those teachers at the high-performing schools. There are some practices that are not followed at poor performing schools. These should be ironed out so that the studnts will get an equal treatment. Parents should also take part in encouraging their children to study hard because without any self-drive, it is hard to attain goals that one wants. The need for leadership in the change process cannot be overstated. A lot of reforms have failed due to the lack of some quality leadership. It is not, however, usual for a teacher to return from the conference happy about a new technique, idea, or the way to curriculum only to have a principal criticizing him or her. From the same, it is usual for the principal to attempt beginning a change, only to have community members effectively stifling it. It is crucial to note that school leadership is gained at multiple places throughout a school; the head or the principal is only a single avenue of school leadership within a school. In fact, a respected partner who returns the reform initiative can act to keep teachers encouraged and eager on the change. Principals are critical to the change process, but teacher leaders are not less important (Daniel, 2009). The particular elementary school visited included five unique principals in six respective years. The faculty viewed leadership in th ose years as tenuous. The faculty believed the attitude that any change or new policy proposed by office would not last. Once the principal departed or the change had lost its power, the faculty could resume doing things normally. It was the unconductive environment to change. It is a fact that leadership is a key for reform to go through. However, there is a risk in charismatic leadership. An inspiring leader can make that individual dependent, and the program will bring no success without him or her. Competence should be instilled in the faculty if resilient reforms are to be achieved. I believe that leadership affects and brings changes to every sector of the school leadership. Many schools have failed because they do not have any proper leadership. The leaders that these schools include do not have the required vision and the strategies to have successful programmes at these schools. There is the feeling that the government should come in and provide support first to the leaders. Creating new schools come with many challenges; firstly, you have to integrate the staff originated from various schools. There is also the need to merge teachers with different environmental backgrounds, knowledge, and experiences for a team, working for the improvement of the fifth- or sixth-grade student. Another challenge is creating a collaboration culture. Teachers are ought to make at least one visit to one other classroom monthly; they move among grade levels, or the levels from the middle school or selective. The message in these practices is to collaboratively perform the tasks in order to get away with barriers and not stay in the locked classrooms. The third challenge is implementing the consistent policies and protocols that conform to the needs of the staff and students, and it has been harder to meet. Consistency is tricky when different people from diverse backgrounds merge together, each beliieving that their way is the best one (Daniel, 2009). I feel that there should be a department in the government that deals with the creation and nurturing of new schools. They will help catching up with new skills with the rest of schools. They will help to implement the required standards. This will eradicate the fact that when new schools are created, the government is only concerned with the requirements required for the one to start a new school. Several common factors inhibit the school leaders success. These include strict regulations and personnel rules; schools in which leaders tend not to interfere with hiring and firing of staff are considered to be most effective. If principals are given little or no control over persons teaching at their schools, they are very likely to be saddled with some of teachers, maybe, even many teachers regarded as unfit. Monopoly is also an inhibiting factor to leadership; leaders that make schools having the ultimate control over its students, lack the incentive to release some successful students. Most leaders also centralize some key decision making processes which disjoint the policies of school with teachers and students they supposedly exist to protect. Some leaders lack the focus. They do not expect their students to meet high levels and, hence, the education process takes precedence over the policy making and the results analysis. I feel that all teachers should have some seminars, at least, twice a year, where the policies and regulations would be read to them. When creating new policies, teachers should be involved in the process. Persons under some leadership responsibilities at schools ought to view the problems from a wider perspective and explore all the possible approaches for problems solution. It does not harm if one deviated from the normal or rather usual approaches would try a new approach. The frameworks laid down to prepare school heads have some weaknesses which are now being addressed by the programs that have improved on the data based decision making and in the structural leadership. Few programs do acknowledge the fact that some programs do not provide the sufficient preparation for leaders in all circumstances and schools; no programs have, however, majored on the school leadership. The developments have been made in some states; an example is an introduction of extra learning, which is a clear indication that leadership is a process and that the pre-service course work is not sufficient to keep one leader. Principals should be subjected to the environments with different challenges to give t hem; that exposures to problem solving skills all this challenges that should be incorporated in the school heads coursework. I feel that problems should be solved in a wider approach and perspective. Teachers should be involved in solving problems that affect the students, and which also come as a result of parents. This way, there will be a wider perspective and a wider view of solving these problems. Buy custom Low-Performing in Schools essay

Can prison make people live better Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Can prison make people live better - Essay Example The prison system exposes convicts to more violence, hence making them more and more capable to commit more serious crimes once released or even in the prison itself. The Bureau of Justice Statistics has performed a study on nonviolent offenders and proves that nonviolent offenders are most likely to become more violent. Based on the statistics of the research, 95% of the nonviolent offenders have a prior arrest and about a third of them have become violent while in prison and even while they are released they show streaks of violence. This is what was seen in the prison at which Barcenas is being held at in Spain. Luis Barcenas has been in jail since mid last year while under investigation for multi-million euro tax fraud and has turned aggressive as the possibility of serving a long term started looking live (Dunham 8). On January 8, a driver was to take him to hospital for general checkups as he and fellow inmates had asked for. He shouted that he was not a criminal as he refused to be handcuffed to the back as mandated by law. After refusing to get in, he began banging and shouting complaints to the police officers. This simple misconduct eventually cost him 140 days without any courtyard time (Dunham 11). As seen from the case of Barcenas, it is quite evident that the mounting pressure of spending more years in prison caused a rather nonviolent man to crack and become aggressive. This may not be the case for other individuals, but the same would be experienced. With also the exposure to other harder criminals, they may pick up the need for aggression in order to survive. Not until they are released, are they able to go back to their normal selves. Because of being branded as convicts and criminals, the society discriminates against them. Branded as such, the ex-convicts face difficulties in the adjustment into the

A psychological disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A psychological disorder - Essay Example Disastrous events and life changing experiences can elevate our level of stress. While many people deal with this day to day stress without medical intervention, it may have a long-term connection with cancer or heart disease (Myers 539,544). Intense feelings of stress are known as anxiety disorders. They seem to have no rational cause and leave a person agitated and out of control of their emotions. The anxiety disorders are further broken down into sub groups that include phobias and panic disorder. These cases of extreme anxiety are treated through conditioning and medication. Depression may be viewed as similar and may be confused with anxiety. While anxiety is the uneasy feeling in regards to a future event, depression is a reaction to a past event (Myers 646). While these feelings may be normal, they become a disorder when they are unrealistic and begin to impede a person's normal activities. Depression is not an abnormal feeling, but when it reaches an ongoing and insidious level, a professional should treat it. There are many modern medications that address both anxiety and depression. More severe forms of psychological disorders are seen in schizophrenia and dissociative disorders. In the former, the mind may be severely disorganized. The victim may suffer from delusions and inappropriate emotions.

Information Systems Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Systems Development - Essay Example The said question is the main purpose to initiate thinking in managing essential data in all the domains listed or not listed in the article. When related data is managed or organized in an efficient way then we have to call it is a database. For organizations or for an individual the processed data is worth while. The information which is received is an ultimate form of organized and processed data. The information is used to make decisions for future tracks while the raw data will only yield mess. In the essay the focal point is the evaluation of spreadsheet and relational database as suitable instrument for handling data or user preferences of the different organizations. Spreadsheet sheet is another way to handle data in an organization. But the limitations of the spreadsheets force one to take turn on the other side i.e. adoption of the database management system. As different organizations are still using spreadsheets for the management of their data facts and its due to the lack of domain knowledge regarding databases. So the spreadsheets fit best in their environment instead of all their problems or issues which the organization members are facing. Spreadsheet is a sort of storehouse in which the users are just stuffing the data and making a heap of soft data files. Why mostly the spreadsheets are in practice the reason for the said question is that most of the people are well familiar with the environment of the spreadsheet. Using spreadsheet one can easily insert data in the rows and columns of spread sheet data. The primary usage of the spreadsheets is to handle mathematical calculations, play with numbers, and applying complex formulae. The data models which are best suited in a spreadsheet are budget, taxes, inventories, and other financial models. The application which is going to be engineered is from the domain of education industry and in our case it is an arts centre. First probing the

Physical therapy management to reduce post operative CABG

Physical therapy management to reduce post operative CABG Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery (CABG) is a medical procedure used in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is a disease that causes narrowing of the coronary arteries (the blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle) due to the accumulation of fatty deposits called plaques within the walls of the arteries. Investigations such as electrocardiogram, stress tests, cardiac catheterization, imaging tests such as chest x- rays, echocardiography, or computed tomography (CT), and blood tests to measure blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and other substances are used to diagnose CAD. The accretion of plaques over the years causes symptoms such as chest pain, fatigue, palpitations, and shortness of breath. Some patients with CAD may be symptom free in the early stages; the disease will progress until sufficient artery blockage exists to cause symptoms and discomfort. Blockage of the coronary arteries will cause the heart muscle to weaken due to inadequ ate blood supply, leading to a condition called ischemia. If the blood flow is not restored to the particular area of the heart muscle, the tissue dies, leading to myocardial infarction or heart attack. In order to restore blood supply and treat the narrowing of the arteries, the blocked portion of the artery is bypassed or rerouted with another piece of vessel, this is called CABG surgery1. Despite the many advances and development in anesthesia, surgical techniques, and postoperative care for CABG surgery, postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) retain a high postoperative morbidity and mortality rate 1. The risk of PPC has increased in CABG procedure due to two factors: intra-operative and external. The intra-operative factors are factors that are associated with the surgical procedure such as general anesthesia, surgical incision, type of graft, topical cooling for myocardial protection, and cardiopulmonary bypass2. General anesthesia increases the risk of PPC when the anesthetic component is administered to the patient while lying in supine position; it results in respiratory depression leading to a Ventilation-Perfusion (VQ) mismatch. In the surgical approach, the incision site in the upper thoracic area, which is a standard 20cm incision, decreases the preservation of pulmonary function. The type of graft used such as IMA increases the risk of attaining PPC. Topical cooling also used in CABG increases the incidence of phrenic nerve injury. Cardiopulmonary bypass which is unique to this surgery causes additional lung injury and longer pulmonary recovery, which occurs due to the acute systemic and pulmonary inflammatory response which is known as à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"pump lung or à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"post pump syndrome 2. External factors that could increase the risk of acquiring PPC are aging, the prevalence of surgical delay, increased sickness and complex health problems. The diagnosis of PPC, requires symptomatic pulmonary dysfunction symptoms such as increased work of breathing, shallow respiration, ineffective cough, and hypoxemia 2; in addition to clinical findings such as atelectasis, pleural effusion, pneumonia etc. The most frequent types of PPC associated with CABG are atelectasis which ranges from16.6% to 88%, phrenic nerve paralysis (30 % to 75%), and pleural effusion (27%-95%) 2. Acquiring PPC leads to the increased use of medical supplies and other health care expenses. Numerous interventions have been used to treat PPC but, due to variance in opinions, no resolution has been reached to which is the most effective and efficient intervention in treating PPC. To prevent postoperative complications such as PPC, less invasive techniques are applied by physical therapists. Physical therapists are responsible for the management and rehabilitation of the patient, which includes treating and educating the patient and helping them to attain the maximum function, and satisfying level of independence; this is achieved by decreasing the level of limitation and impairment. Physical therapy treatments include mobilization and airway clearance techniques, positioning, breathing exercises, coughing maneuvers, mobility and functional exercises. Physical therapy has been known to intervene in surgical procedures such as CABG, but most of the intervention used in patients reha bilitation is performed postoperatively. Recent studies have confirmed that post-operative patients, especially in CABG can improve as much as 50% 3 by introducing pre-operative physical therapy management. The preoperative management targets patients pre-surgically and directs its rehabilitating techniques towards the reduction of a possible PPC pre-operatively. Preoperative physical therapy management includes appropriate patient selection, preoperative PT assessment, patient education, and pre-operative physical therapy treatment (PPTT). These management protocols further enhance post-operative results by training patients on post-operative techniques. Thus pre- and post- operative physical therapy management is performed to reduce post-operative CABG pulmonary complications. Literature review Pre-operative Physical Therapy Treatment Preoperative management is an early involvement of physical therapy prior to surgery. It is a method used in prevention of patient deterioration by directing its efforts towards the patients respiratory and physical condition. Preoperative physical therapy management ensures that the patient is in the best respiratory and physical condition prior to surgery, to be able to have a rapid recovery. Preoperative management mainly focuses on appropriate patient selection, patient education, pre-operative assessment, and preoperative treatment. Appropriate patient selection Patients undergoing surgery have certain characteristics which can increase or alter the risk of any surgical complications especially in CABG. These characteristics affect the outcome of surgery, therefore leading to post operative complications. Suitable patient selection in preoperative rehab is important. This allows the physical therapists to categorize patients. Patients can either be classified as low risk or high risk patients. Classifying patients in such order ensures that each patient will obtain a tailored preoperative management program according to their condition and will receive maximum benefits from the program 4. The characteristics that alter the patients risks are pre-existing respiratory problems, obesity, age, smoking, patient motivation, and nutritional status 4. Pre-existing respiratory problems is of three factors infection, restrictive defects, and obstructive defects. Infection may affect both upper and lower respiratory tracts. If the upper respiratory tract is infected, it will cause increased mucus production. And if it infects the lower respiratory tract it may initiate impaired gas exchange leading to hypoxia secondary to pneumonia, resulting in exacerbation of infection. Restrictive defects include lung fibrosis, pulmonary oedema, and pleural effusion. The restrictive may reduce lung volume, resulting in an increase of airway resistance and closing of airways following anesthesia. Obstructive defects are also known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD). The occurrence of COPD in patients undergoing surgery will lead to an increase in the anesthesia dose due to bronchial hyperactivity. Obesity is another characteristic that can upgrade a patient into the higher risk group. Obesity is usually detected by using the Body Mass Index (BMI). According to Selsby and Jones 1993, increase in body mass may lead to reduced lung compliance by approximately one third; this is due to the additional weight on the chest wall. As a person ages the lung loses its elasticity in recoiling and the lung volume is reduced. During aging, respiration is reduced by weakening of the respiratory muscles and stiffening of the rib cage. Smoking is the major cause of greater ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) shunt, and impaired oxygenation during anesthesia. This is because smoking results in narrowing of the airways, excessive mucus secretion and decreased mucus clearance, and irritable airways. Patient motivation is the current mental or cognitive, and emotional state of the patient. Any disturbance in such states may result in decrease patient compliance and increases the duration of the patients recovery. Preoperative PT assessment Pre-operative assessment is a technique used to establish an outline of the patients current status, and form a baseline to assess the patients progress. The pre-operative assessment includes subjective and objective assessments. Subjective assessment is an interrogation procedure used by the physical therapist to obtain information to help with the preoperative treatment program. During the subjective assessment, open-ended questions 4 are used, which allows the patient to discuss their current problems. There are five main points that need to be clarified during this type of assessment; dyspnea, cough, secretion (sputum and haemoptysis), wheeze, and chest pain. During the objective assessment, the physical therapists use their own skill in examining the patient. The physical therapists examines by observation, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. Further details may be obtained by the use of tests such as spirometry arterial blood gases (ABGs), and chest radiographs 4. When assessment is completed, the physical therapist analyzes the information obtained and integrates it with their knowledge, resulting in a problem list. According to the problem list the physical therapists addresses these problems by setting specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time specific goals according to the problems obtained from examination. A well designed treatment plan is set to help resolve these problems. Patient Education Patient education plays an important role in rehabilitation. The patient is educated by the staff, which includes the surgeon, physical therapists and nurses. The patient is educated on preoperative and postoperative programs or protocols. During patient education, verbal and written information is given to patients. The role of the physiotherapist in patient education is to highlight and clarify the main points of the CABG procedure, allowing the patient to become familiar with the surgery. The physical therapist also explains the main effects of surgery on the respiratory function, location of the wound, and wires and monitors attached. The instructions given before the surgery puts the patient at ease and postoperatively accelerates the functional recovery of the patient. To reinforce the verbal information, leaflets and brochures are given to help the patient. Pre-operative Physical Therapy Treatment (PPTT) PPTT is directed towards maximizing pulmonary function 4 by the reduction of PPC and the use of non-invasive PT interventions. Since PPTT is a newly emerged, few studies are found that discuss the preoperative treatment of patients undergoing CABG procedures. Therefore no precise treatment techniques or protocols are followed during PPTT. Studies have suggested that the most common types of PPC that occur following CABG surgery are atelectasis, and pneumonia. Atelectasis which is an abnormal respiratory condition causes lung collapse, therefore leading to deprivation of gas exchange. It is caused by an obstruction of major airways and bronchioles. It is a complication that is frequently seen in post-operative period and is found in the basilar region in post CABG. To treat and prevent such condition deep breathing techniques and incentive Spirometry is used 5. Pneumonia is an infection or inflammation of the lungs. It can be caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi or by a potential complication such as pleural effusion. Pneumonia is treated by pharmaceutical agents, coughing techniques, and breathing exercises 5. It was found that both PPCs are caused by the patients inability to expectorate sputum and due to insufficient diaphragmatic breathing. Therefore the most appropriate way to treat such conditions is to rehabilitate patients preoperatively. PPTT treatments are of a large variety and no precise treatment has been advised solely for treatment. During my investigation I have came upon many techniques used. The most common treatment used within the PPTT is breathing exercises (BE), respiratory muscle devices, and sputum expectoration techniques. BE are several techniques used to help increase the muscle strength and increase air entry. It is performed by inflating and deflating the lungs. There are many types of BE some are pursed lip breathing (PLB), paced breathing, diaphragmatic breathing, segmental breathing, sustained maximal inspiration (SMI), and global lung expansion. Respiratory muscle devices are instruments used to help strengthen the surrounding breathing muscle by the use of resistance as shown with the inspiratory muscle trainers (IMT) and aids the patient in air entry by visual aid, as shown with the incentive spirometer (IS). The sputum expectoration techniques are tactics used to expel secretions from the lung. One of the most common techniques used nowadays is the secretion removal technique, this is a method used to remove mucus from the lung and helps in expectorating the sputum, it is known as postural drainage. This method can be applied according to area of secretion and can be modified according to the patients condition. Other supporting or assisting techniques is coughing and the Forced Expiratory technique. Coughing is used to help the patient to expectorate sputum. The PT can teach the patient the correct method and may support the patient incision or wound when coughing if needed, or assists the patient by applying force on the abdomen, increasing the abdominal pressure therefore giving extra force. FET is less forceful technique, it is similar to coughing, and the patient huffs instead of coughing. This method brings the mucus to the upper airways and is usually followed by coughing to expel sputum. An observational follow up study was performed by Isabel Yanez-Barage. The purpose of the study was to examine the use of preoperative respiratory physiotherapy, on the incidence of pulmonary complications in CABG surgery. Two groups of patients were involved in the study. The first group was the intervention group, whom received PPTT and the second group was the control group, who had no PPTT. The apparatuses used within the study included Incentive IS and, BE. Prior to their use, uses and importance of the apparatus was explained to the patients. The techniques that was used during the study, were ten deep BE, diaphragmatic breathing, thirty long expansion maneuvers, tactile stimulation, three stages of Sustained Maximum Inspiration (SMI), ten global lung expansion, secretion removal techniques, supported or assisted coughing. The above techniques were put in a program, and all exercises were performed in two sessions per day, while the SMI was performed six times per day, five set s with 30-60 seconds rest between each set. The results of the study showed that the presence of atelectasis occurred 48hours after surgery. The PPTT group had a 17.3% of atelectasis, while the non PPT group had 36.3%. The study also showed that a relationship existed between atelectasis and patient gender, and that 21.8% was found in females while 37.5% in males 3. Another study performed by Erik H. J. Hulzebos, focused on two primary outcomes. One was post operative complications, which is pneumonia. The second outcome measure is the post-operative pulmonary complications (PPC), which include the influences of morbidity and mortality rate, the length or duration of stay at hospital, and the overall resource utilization. The interventions used in this study included such as IMT and IS, while the techniques included are patient education in active cycle of breathing techniques and Forced Expiratory Techniques (FET). The program followed within the study was the use of FET and performing it on daily basis seven times per week for duration of two weeks before surgery, and the IMT was done for twenty minutes, six times per week without supervision and once per week with PT supervision. The result of the primary outcome measure is that18% (25 of 139) of the patients from the IMT group developed PPC, while patient 35% (48 of 137) of usual care group developed PPC. The incidence of pneumonia was less in the IMT group whom had 6.5% (9 of 139). While on the other hand the usual care group had a higher incidence which was 16.1% (22 of 137).The usual care group had also another complication, where 3 of the 22 patients developed respiratory failure and died after surgery as a result of cardiac failure, while none of the IMT patients died. The study concluded that preoperative physical therapy reduced PPC by 50%. The study suggests that no a single PT techniques or intervention is better than the other in preventing PPC. Pre-operative PT has increased inspiratory force, decreased the incidence of PPC and hospitalization, and reduced morbidity 1. . Post-operative Physical Therapy Management Post operative complications are common in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgeries. According to Agnieszka Piwoda et al, the fundamentals to a properly designed and conducted cardiac surgery, is physical therapy management 6. To minimize postoperative complications, physical therapy management is introduced. Postoperative physical therapy (POPPT) starts the instant the patient is transferred from the operating room to the intensive care unit (ICU), which lasts 1 to 2 days and is continued in the ward from 2nd day till the date of discharge which is the 7th day 6. During the patients stay at the ICU postoperative, physical therapy rehab is aimed towards the reduction of airway obstruction, increasing and enhancing ventilation-perfusion matching, which is also known as gas exchange (VQ matching), restoring normal gasometrical values which when by doing so, the patient is prevented from re-intubation 6, decreasing ventilatory failure where the patient becomes dependent to the mechanical ventilator 3, and preventing thrombo-embolitic changes altogether leading to a decrease in ICU stay. The ward rehab starts when the patient gains early extubation; this allows the patient to regain contact with reality. During this period the physical therapist is able to eradicate secretion accumulation, and rapidly mobilize or ambulate the patient 6. Maintenance of permanent and intensive mobilization will improve cardiopulmonary tolerance, leading to an increase in physical endurance and patient independence, therefore reducing hospital stay 7. Most of the studies involving a majority of patients undergoing CABG are focused on reducing basilar atelectasis and pneumonia and hypoxemia 7 by applying specific post operative physical therapy objectives such as recruiting lung tissue from shunt to zone of low ventilation in relation to perfusion 8, increasing lung capacities especially FVC and FEV8, decreasing respiratory muscle dysfunction 3, increasing respiratory muscle function diaphragm 6, restoring thoracic breathing manoeuvres by strengthening postural and respiratory muscles, and endorsing effective breathing patterns by reducing the work of breathing 7. To achieve optimum results and regain the inclusive functional independency, POPPT management should include airway clearance techniques, early mobilization, bed mobility and positioning, breathing exercises (BE), and patient education. Specific post operative physical therapy techniques such as the use of intensive deep breathing exercises and devices such as IS, and IMT should be emphasized when rehabilitating post CABG patients. Prior to POPPT, an extensive patient evaluation similar to the preoperative assessment should be performed. When assessing the patient problems, goals should be set and are treated accordingly. Airway clearance techniques A manual or mechanical procedure that assists in clearance of secretion from the airways is known as Airway Clearance Techniques (ACT) 9. ACT is indicated for impaired mucociliary transport or an ineffective and unproductive cough. When choosing an ACT the patients pathophysiology, symptoms and medical status should be taken in consideration. The techniques included in ACT are Postural Drainage (PD), manual chest clearance, and coughing. PD is a technique that drains secretion by gravity assistance, and the use of more than one body position. There are 12 positions used during PD 9, in each position the segmental bronchus is drained perpendicular to the floor. These positions can be modified according to the patients medical status. The most affected segment should be prioritized. The patient is positioned using an adjustable bed, pillows or blanket rolls, and enough personnel to assist in moving the patient safely. PD is used for approximately 5-10 minutes solely and longer if tolerated 9. Manual chest clearance technique is the application of manual supplementary techniques such as vibration, percussion, and shaking to postural drainage positions 10. Coughing technique is a forceful airstream method used to remove secretions out through the trachea and to the mouth. Coughing technique is performed in four stages, and may be applied before, during and after PD and manual chest clearance techniques. In CABG patients, the coughing technique is supported using splinting. This is done is applying pressure to the incision site either by using a pillow or a belt. This techniques helps with decreasing the pain associated with the surgery. Early mobilization Early mobilization or ambulation is the method used to set patients in motion postoperatively by using the assistance of PT. The patient mobilization process is performed gradually and according to the patients tolerance. Mobilization starts by sitting the patient from supine to a long sitting position. Then when further stability is regained the patient is positioned on the edge of the bed. The patient is then progressed to standing, and later when the patient regains more stability, walking is initiated. Positioning Positioning is a therapeutic and ventilatory movement that is used to assist the patient in regular changing of position while in bed. It is essential in the patient early stages of recovery. Positioning allows the patient to progress from dependence to independence. The technique involves the selection of certain positions to assist the patient with efficient and diaphragmatic breathing patterns. The technique is indicated for patients with diaphragmatic weakness, patients unable to correctly use the diaphragm for efficient inspiration, or who have inhibition of diaphragm muscle due to pain 9. The training usually commences in the ICU. An example used by Sadowsky et al on positioning is the performance of ROM exercise with breathing. The exercise is performed by the patient inspiring air and accompanying it with shoulder flexion, abduction, external rotation, and eyes in an upward gaze. Then the patient exhales with shoulder extension, adduction, internal rotation and downward gaze. In addition to the exercise the patient is asked to tilt the pelvis posteriorly. This allows diaphragmatic breathing pattern and optimizes the length-tension relationship of the diaphragm 9. This technique progression should be applied to transfer, ambulation, and stair climbing. This technique is highly recommended for patient patients that underwent CABG since they are likely to have 90.7% of diaphragmatic elevation 11. Breathing exercises Breathing exercises are maneuvers used for patients with signs and symptoms of decreased strength or endurance of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles 9. There are many breathing exercises one of them is known as the Active Cycle of Breathing Technique (ACBT) 10. ACBT includes a group of breathing techniques such as breathing control, thoracic expansion exercises, and forced expiration technique. Other methods that assist BE are respiratory devices such as Inspiratory Muscle Trainers (IMT) and Incentive Spirometry (IS). Respiratory devices are mechanical equipments used in attempt to reduce postoperative pulmonary complications particularly atelectasis and pneumonia. BE and respiratory devices are suggested for patients at high risk of having atelectasis such as CABG patients, whom are for 24.7% of postoperative atelectasis 9, 11. A study performed by Elizabeth Westerdahl investigated the effect if deep breathing exercise on pulmonary function, atelectasis, and Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs) after CABG. The study was performed on two groups, the first group was the deep breathing group and the second was the control group. Both groups were approached similarly in assessment, positioning, and mobility once or twice daily during the first 4 postoperative days. Chest PT was done twice in the first 4 post-op days, the therapy includes early mobilization, instructions in coughing techniques, and daily active exercises of the shoulder girdle, upper back, and assistance to turn form side to side and get out of bed. The deep BE group received an extra program, performing breathing exercises every hour during the day for four postoperative days. The exercise used is, 30 slow deep breaths with PEP blow bottle device, a 50cm plastic tube in a bottle containing 10 cm of water. The exercise was performed sitting; it is 3 sets of 10 deep breathing exercises with 30-60 seconds pause between each set. If needed, patient coughs during the pause to mobilize secretion. The result of the study illustrate that atelectasis was found in large areas at basal level close to the diaphragm and minor at the upper level near the apex. There was a significant decrease in atelectasis in deep breathing group by one half compared to the control group, and the correlation between PaO2 and atelectasis was weak. Recruited lung tissue is most likely converted from shunt regions to zones with low ventilation in relation to perfusion. In conclusion, Patients who performed deep-breathing exercises had a significant smaller atelectasis, and less reduction in FVC and FEV on the 4th post-op day. 8 Patient education Patient education which is an integral part of the post-operative physical therapy management is applied similarly to the preoperative patient education program. When educating a patient in the post-operative period, the instructions given should highlight the thought of improving quality of life by emphasizing on points such as having healthy eating habits, ceasing smoking, achieving independence, and accentuating the benefits of rehab, and returning back to ADL. Patients should also improve their physical education by participating in other therapies that have been introduced such as tai chi, PNF, NDT Bobath and music therapy 6. Conclusion As PPC has been of great concern to health professionals, the reduction of complications that accompany major surgeries such as CABG is of an important development. The main objective in physical therapy with regard to CABG is to reduce PPC by intervening with less invasive protocols. The combination of both pre-operative and post-operative physical therapy management has had effective results in managing CABG patients. The reduction of PPC by the use of preoperative physical therapy management has led to many advantages. Some of them are significant reduction in mechanical ventilators duration therefore reducing the duration of ICU stay, reduced hospitalization, decreased morbidity and mortality rate, enhanced early functional recovery, improved lung function and gas exchange. Such accomplishments are significant, but more studies have to be performed to develop PPTT programs and provide a certain protocol The reduction of PPC by the use of postoperative physical therapy has lead to the best outcome of treatment. It has decreased complications associated with surgery and reduces PPC, allowing the patient to regain maximum physical condition, reducing ICU and hospital stay by achieving physical and functional independence therefore assisting the patient in regaining better-quality of life 5. The patient can further continue physical therapy at the cardiac facility to promote additional cardiopulmonary conditioning. In Kuwait, post-operative PT management is more widely-used than preoperative. During my investigation I found out that the chest hospital is aware of the preoperative management and is applying it, but in an informal way. I would like to call attention to the use of post-operative PT management in association with pre-operative physical therapy management to help the patient have a better surgical outcome, regain maximal independence and improve the quality of their life.

A Study of Traumatic Life Events in Link with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Running head: Effect of Traumatic Life Events on OCD A Study of Traumatic Life Events in Link with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder A Study of Traumatic Life Events in Link with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD, as defined by the National Institute of Mental Health is an anxiety disorder that is distinguished by persistent, unwanted thoughts and/or compulsions (â€Å"NIMH,† 2007). OCD is one of the most expensive and persistent forms of psychopathology. Although OCD has been thought of as a fairly rare disorder, recent studies have found that 1. – 4% of the population has some form of OCD. While the understanding of this disease has been expanded over the past few decades there still remains much to be learned about the causes and origin of the disease. One factor that is thought to contribute to the onset or intensification of most psychiatric disorders is stressful life events especially traumatic life events (Cromer, Schmidt, & Murphy, 20 06, p. 2). However there has not been significant research on the relationship of stressful life events or traumatic life events with OCD. This study attempts to examine the potential correlations between traumatic life events and OCD, if any at all are present (Cromer, et al. , 2006, p. 3-4). Method A total of 265 participants, being at least eighteen years of age, all with some degree of OCD as their primary disease, participated in this study. Patients with schizophrenia, severe mental retardation, or currently depressed individuals were excluded from this study. The participants were interviewed and tested using four different methods. These methods included the Structured Clinical Interview with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (SCID), the Yale-Brown Excessive Compulsive scale (Y-BOCS), a traumatic life event measure, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The SCID interview was carried out by a trained, as well as experienced, interviewer. Two independent doctors then reviewed the results before making their final blind diagnosis. The Y-BOCS measured how severe each participant’s OCD symptoms were in each of the four areas. These areas ncorporated hoarding, ordering/symmetry, checking/obsessions, and cleaning/contamination (Cromer, et al. , 2006, p. 4). The traumatic life event measure was in an interview-like setting, where the participants were given descriptions of various traumatic life events. After each description the participants were asked various questions about their own experiences with similar events. If the participant was still troubled by any of the events the int erviewer would continue with a posttraumatic stress disorder test, regardless if the participant met the qualifications for posttraumatic stress disorder. This was done in order to make sure that all traumatic life events were documented properly. The final test was the Beck Depression Inventory which, through a full set of twenty-one questions, determines whether or not a person is currently depressed and the severity of their depression (Cromer, et al. , 2006, p. 5). Results Out of the 265 patients who participated in this study, 143 of them (roughly 54%) had experienced at least one traumatic life event at the time of the study (Cromer, et al. 2006, p. 1). If more than one event encountered, the participant suffered an increase in the severity of their OCD symptoms. These results remained consistent even when crucial variables, such as age, presence of depression, and the age OCD first began were controlled. Of the four symptoms of OCD that were tested for ordering/symmetry and checking/obsessions were found to have the closest correlation with the presence of traumatic life events (Cromer, et al. , 2006, p. 5). Discussion The results of this study largely support the fact that the symptoms of OCD are intensified by the onset of traumatic life events (Cromer, et al. , 2006, p. 1). However the researchers believe that there still needs to be testing done to clarify the link between OCD and traumatic life events as there may be confounding variables creating false positives. For example, there is a chance that some of the symptoms (ordering/symmetry and checking/obsessions in particular) are linked to other mood and anxiety disorders which could be the cause of the higher correlation in the study (Cromer, et al. 2006, p. 9). To improve on this there would have to be a study done to observe how those symptoms react with other disorders. The traumatic life event data that was collected was based off what the patients could remember from the past. This suggests that this particular data is not entirely accurate. The strength in their research, however, is how the SCID test was performed. Not only were there professional interviewers, their work was double checked by two independent doctors to insure the utmost accuracy. The participants were tested and interviewed in four different ways to accumulate more data to create a more accurate experiment (Cromer, et al. , 2006, p. 4). There is something that the researchers mention that I do not entirely agree with however. Cromer, et al. , says that someone with OCD would be more sensitive to traumatic life events and this would skew the results (2006, p. 10), but it is to my understanding that a traumatic event needs only to be traumatic to the person it is happening to, no matter how another observer may be affected by the same situation. If the event is traumatic to the person they will respond to the event (both mentally and physically) just as another person without OCD would respond to an event that is traumatic to them. References Cromer, K. R. , Schmidt, N. B. , & Murphy, D. L. (2006) An investigation of traumatic life events and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy 45(7). Retrieved September 23, 2007, from ScienceDirect database. (September 28, 2007). NIMH  · Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Retrieved October 03, 2007, from http://www. nimh. nih. gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/index. shtml.

Advertising: Influencing Our Youth

Our Youth Ann-smoking commercials and anti-testing and driving campaigns are all over teen television stations. However, behind the scenes, are big name cigarette and alcohol companies targeting youth? Many people see the effect of this targeting, teens drinking and smoking, underage, because it looks glamorous. As a matter of fact advertising may be responsible for nearly 30% of alcohol and tobacco use In young teenagers (Strasbourg). What you don't think about is the cause; what is the reason that these big companies target young teens?Companies target youth for many seasons, but the mall two reasons are accessibility and vulnerability; these targets have a lasting a devastating effect. The celestially ties In to the cause because teens are always on their phones or computer. It is no lie that teens spend hours on their mobile devices a day, always scrolling through twitter, faceable, or playing a game. However, many teenagers have no Idea that big name tobacco and alcohol companie s are strategically placing ads so that they will see them.The average annual number of alcohol ads seen by youth watching television increased from 217 in 2001 to 366 in 2009, approximately one alcohol ad per day (â€Å"Youth Exposure to Alcohol Ads on TV Growing Faster than Adults†). Students will spend about 18,000 hours in front of the television before they graduate (Strasbourg). The Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth at Georgetown university has found that between 2001 and 2005, youth exposure to alcohol advertising on television in the U. S. Increased by 41% (â€Å"Alcohol Advertising and Youth†).Alcohol companies spend nearly $2 billion every year on advertising between 2001 and 2007, there were more than 2 million television ads and 20,000 magazine ads for alcoholic products (â€Å"Alcohol Advertising and Youth (Position Paper) APP Policies APP†). Although TV may be an obvious pin-point for marketers, another strategic place for marketing Is in conve nience stores. A 2001 study found that nearly 23 percent of the stores monitored had cigarettes placed within six inches of candy (â€Å"How the Tobacco Industry Targets Youth†).Teenagers see more ads than we think. They see them walking down the street on a billboard. On TV when their show Is on a break, and in magazines. Teenagers not only lots of ads, but the same ones over and ever. Companies don't Just place one ad per television show. They place an ad every commercial break. They may not realize it, but their subconscious mind remembers all the advertising when an opportunity to drink or smoke presents itself. Especially when you add in the repetition factor.Companies are spending loads of money annually to get their product In the eye of the public. However, the placement of their ads is all wrong; they are advertising on channels that teenagers watch and magazines that are read by young adults; such as MET and People Magazine. The accessibility of teenagers combined w ith ad placement and repetition can lead to shaping behavior for when they are adults. Behavior such as alcoholism and Vulnerability is another reason big companies target youth; many teenagers see advertisements featuring their role model or favorite celebrity.Companies use celebrities to promote their product, to seem more relatable to the younger ages, this presents a problem because â€Å"young fans are more likely to try drugs if they see their idol do it† (Brays). However there is a more scientific explanation for teenagers falling for these companies advertisements. A young teen brain's impulse control has not fully developed, however â€Å"its reward circuitry is not only ready to go, it is on overdrive† (Barbarians. Org).This could explain why â€Å"the percentage of teenagers who try an illicit substance more than doubles between 8th and 12th grades, from 21. 4 percent to 48. 2 percent, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse† (Barbarians. Or g). One study found that for each dollar the alcohol industry spends on youth advertising, young people drink 3% more each month. Teens who start drinking and smoking in the early years of their adulthood are more likely to untie these habits for years. Alcohol also impairs Judgment.It can lead teens to put themselves in situations where they are vulnerable; situations like walking home from a party late at night, driving home drunk, or passing out in a crowded area when there are other inebriated teens (â€Å"Understand the Risks of Alcohol to Young People†). Drinking frequently at a young age is also linked to an increased risk of developing alcohol dependence in young adulthood. Regularly drinking in later life can lead to cancer, stroke, heart disease and infertility (â€Å"Understand the Risks of Alcohol to Young People†).The lasting effects on these teens is that binge drinking before the brain is developed changes the brain (Barbarians. Org). A study researched by the APP in 2006 found a direct correlation between the amount of exposure to alcohol advertising on billboards, radio, television, and newspapers with higher levels of drinking and a larger increase in drinking over time with youth 15-26 years old (Alcohol Advertising and Youth). The APP is â€Å"The American Academy of Family Physicians†, the national association of family doctors. It is one of the largest national medical organizations tit more than 115,900 members in 50 states.Ultimately the effect is great, annually, about 5,000 people under age 21 die from alcohol-related injuries involving underage drinking (â€Å"Consequences of Underage Drinking†). Underage drinking can cause a range of physical consequences, from hangovers to death from alcohol poisoning, it also can be linked to smoking. Every day, another 1,500 kids become daily smokers, and one-third of them will die prematurely as a result of getting hooked. Youth who don't smoke very often can suffer t he adverse effects of addiction (â€Å"Health Effects of Tobacco'). 0% of teenagers who smoke daily have tried to quit and failed, about 2/3 of teen smokers say they want to quit smoking (â€Å"Health Effects of Tobacco') . 70% say they would not have started if they could choose again (â€Å"Health Effects of Tobacco'). Many teens subconsciously fall victim to the advertising that companies use to draw them in. Smoking is highly addictive, and for most teens once they start they can't stop. All it takes is one try, and they can get hooked for the rest of their lives; yet another factor that shows teens vulnerability.As for alcohol, it may not be as independent charity that â€Å"provides people with evidence-based information about alcohol and work alongside the medical community' shows some effects of underage drinking (â€Å"About Us†). They show that underage drinking can cause liver failure, stunting brain development, and leading to binge drinking (â€Å"Understand the Risks of Even though teenagers are considered young adults and even some as full adults, their brain is not yet developed fully. Alcohol and tobacco companies target these young, underdeveloped teens to make more sales, when in fact, it is ruining many lives.Even with prevention and parental controls to prevent them from seeing alcohol ads, it is still everywhere, sports games, magazines, billboards. Companies target young kids mainly because of their underdeveloped minds and impulse control. They will be more likely to want to try that product that other potential advertising age groups. The lasting effect of these companies targeting young teens is great, and it causes many problems. Many people don't realize the effect that advertising has on young teens; who are not mentally capable of making knowledgeable decisions..

Zombie Essay Essay Example

Zombie Essay Essay Example Zombie Essay Essay Zombie Essay Essay There was a strange noise outside of the math classroom, and Mr.. Win decide d to go check it out. Mr.. Win screamed in terror; the class rushed to the door and saw the zombie cooks. Beth pushed Mr.. Win out the door, and he was the first to turn and the first to lose. I looked around the classroom, but there werent many tools to grab. I grabbed a mat h book and headed to the door. I smashed two zombies in their gruesome head and left them laying n the floor. When looked back I saw my best friend who joined the walking dead. Stopped for a minute but realized there was nothing I could do, so I took off for the boiler room to get s mom supplies. I found a shovel, matches and some gas. I used the shovel to make my way thro cough to the gym. Realizing the walking dead was slow, I was able to block the doors except for my way out. I waited for all of them to come in so I could light up the floor. Once they were i the gym, I stepped outside, lit the gas covered floor and slid the handle of the shovel thro cough the door handles. Hearing the moans and screams put a smile on my face. I had won my first battle against the walking dead. I headed home to check on my family. When I arrive d everything seemed to be okay. I walked in the house and told them to lock up the house the war between the walking dead had just begun. I sat on the porch with my shotgun and waited f or them to come.

Virginia essays

Virginia essays The state I am going to present is Virgina. Reference: Internet http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1 Virginia is located in the eastern coast of the United States. It is surrounded by the states of West Virginia, which lies to the north west of it, Kentucky, west of it, and North Carolina, which is to the south. It has also the Atlantic Ocean to the east of it. Virginia has a coastal plain with tidal swamps and marshes flowing into rivers that lead into the Chesapeake Bay. The James, York, Rappahannock, and Potomac rivers split the mainland into three peninsulas. The size of Virginia is a total of 42,326 square miles. It also has the population of 6,733,996, which is the estimated in 1997. It is made up of 77.4 percent of whites and 18.8 percent blacks. Virginias metropolitan areas have a great deal of ethnic diversity. For the people there the religion is predominantly Protestant. The largest denominations are Methodists and Baptists. Its capital is Richmond, which was named for the Virgin Queen, Elizabeth 1st of England. Some of the largest cities there in Virginia are Virginia Beach, Norfolk, and Chesapeake. Most of the economic activity that takes place in Virginia involves services and government agencies. Some of the government agencies are The Pentagon and the Department of Defense. The manufacturing of transportation equipment contributes more to personal income than any other industry there. Virginia also has about 43,000 farms that cover more than one thirds of the states land area. They mostly produce livestock. The state bird of Virginia is the Cardinal and its state flower is the Dogwood. The first people to ever arrive in Virginia is said to be nomadic groups of hunter about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago and made communities along the Chesapeake Bay. Later in abou 1607 the english settlers landed on a swampy V ...

Modern Consumerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Modern Consumerism - Essay Example When one need is fulfilled, there is always going to be another need that pops up requiring attention. That is just the way humans are made. Not necessarily just physical needs need to be met—but rather, the accoutrement of things which humans seem to accumulate over the years one has spent living is a perfect example of this, especially in more developed countries. Consumption is so puzzling to Campbell especially because this insatiability for things is considered an ethnocentric phenomenon, in his view.2 For example, it is considered anathema in some cultures to want things outside of what one already has—not to mention blasphemous to try to attain things for the self. Any kind of achievements that are related to one â€Å"getting ahead† in life is not the norm in small communities. Rather, it is the importance of community that encapsulates one’s decisions—not the self-promotion and self-egotistical self-centeredness that is so evident in many W estern cultures. This self-centeredness is puzzling not only because one knows one can â€Å"never have enough,† but this incessant search in the quest for one’s self-fulfillment—demonstrated in Western culture—is tantamount to blasphemy. In a small town somewhere off the beaten path, this kind of behavior would never be tolerated. This is because, in essence, in the cultures of many nations that are less-developed or not developed at all, community is a big part of who people are. These humble people who grew up with small beginnings are not willing to sell out their communities for fame. It is just not in their natures. What is in human nature, however—which apparently shows up more in Western cultures than not—is this idea of instant gratification and the search for self-actualization that is not found in many places that are rural where the people have less education and

Science, Health, and Environmental Issues Research Proposal

Science, Health, and Environmental Issues - Research Proposal Example These disposable products become quite hazardous in terms of the toxins they release to the oceans. The toxins are also pumped into the atmosphere which contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer and loss of marine life. The better way to do business is to make use of packages which can be recycled. New government regulations should be developed on how to choose green products and materials which are easily decomposable (Geier 20). The environmental hazards caused by the disposal products are not overstated, they are a reality. The US environmental policy should focus more on the development of renewable energy sources as these resources have the capability of supplying the energy needs of the country and has many benefits like ensuring a clean environment, increased national security and fuel diversity as well as economic and regional benefits. The developed nations pollute less as compared to developing countries. Industrial pollution is a problem which is faced by developing countries than the developed ones since they lack the basic services and facilities to prevent the pollution. The United States does is the only first world nation which does not have a universal health coverage as it believes that Universal Healthcare would lead to a poor performance in its health service and that a Universal Healthcare is a kind of socialism (Geier 30). US also thought that the Universal Healthcare would lead to a socialist control over its