Language A System Of Communication English Language Essay

quarrel A System Of Communication position Language EssayA lyric poem is a system of conversation by apply sounds or conventional symbols. It is by dint of discourseing that we ar equal to express ourselves and make kn proclaim to former(a)s. E genuinelyone knows the grandness of slope Language in todays world as it is an international voice confabulation. At present time as the world has turned into a global village, so we can non deny the importance of position Language. As side is a global speech communication, it alters us to decease with people belonging to distinguishable cultures. Most of the researches in incompatible field of invigoration e.g. medicine, education, economy, e- barter and aviation etc argon done in side Language. It is in like manner the course lend oneselfd in tourism. These reasons be summon a source of pauperism for people to attain this diction. The knowledge of side Language is vital if a person wants to access electronic infor mation available on the earnings. In addition, slope is likewise a requirement in intimately government activity and cloistered jobs.The uptake of English Language provides many an(prenominal) prospects in the societal and financial world. Greddol (1997) specifies the applys of English Language in different fields of lifeEnglish is the working actors line of international organizations and conferences.English is utilise in the fields of science and technology.It is used in international banking, economical affairs and commerce.Advertising for global brands is done in English.English is the manner of chattering of sound recording visual and cultural products.It is the wording of international tourism.It is the run-in of higher education.English is the talking to of international law.It is a relay verbiage in exposition and supplanting.It is the linguistic process of technology transfer.It is the aspect of internet communication.Importance of English Language in PakistanEnglish Language has a lot of importance in Pakistan. It is our official verbiage. It is used in civil administration. It is the expression of the constitution and of the legitimate system. It is overly used in media. English is as well as used in international trade and commerce in Pakistan. It is used in the assembly line exchange as well. All the information available on the internet is in English. All the sophisticated scientific researches and books available on them atomic number 18 in English.English is taught as a compulsory subject from glasshouse and Kindergarten trains. English is the medium of instruction in the English medium initiates of the country. It is in like manner the main cause of failure of students because it is not our first language but now it is taught as a compulsory subject. This shows the office and importance of English in Pakistan. It has bewilder important for e truly student to see English as its importance is growing day by day. We cannot survive in the economic world with unwrap the tool of English language.Aims of Learning a LanguageColeman (1996) give expression to most popular reasons for training modern languages among the students as for future c atomic number 18er, because I like the language, to travel in different countries, to entertain a advance disposition of way of the life in a country or countries where it is talk, because I would like to live in a country where it is spoken etc.Cook (2002) made a arguing of the aims for which a sustain language is learntSelf-developmentA mold of training impertinent cognitive operationA way-in to mother tongueAn entre to another cultureA nub of communicationSelf -development s everal(prenominal) people learn the sanction language for their self-development. They come back that they pass on do their self-development by instruction a punt language and will get under ones skin a fall in person.A system of training new cognitive pro cessWhen people learn new language, they learn rough themselves and their societies from new perspectives.A way-in to the mother tongueIf people learn a instant language, in fact, they make take a leak the concept of their first language. We can say that they learn their first language with the help of second language.An entre to another culturePeople also learn another language because they also want to know ab come forth the country where it is spoken. They want to do the knowledge of art, books, music and culture of that country.A means of communicationSome people learn another language in order to be able to communicate with the people who verbalise that language.The above mentioned goals of learning a second language can be classified into deuce main groups i.e. internal and external goals (Cook, 1938). outside goals. External goals relate to the learning of language for the use of language outside the classroom. For example, for traveling a country, drill literature, c ommunicating native Australian speakers, to gain education from exotic country, traveling shops, commercialises etc.Internal goals. Internal goals refer to the students mental and self-development as individuals. They may judge from different perspective about themselves and their societies. Through the drop dead century, external goals endure been dominating the internal goals.English Language pedagogy (ELT) in PakistanEnglish plays a very important role in Pakistan as lingua franca. English is taught in a very eery manner in the country. Students belonging to rural punctuates and even other students be taught English in schools and colleges scarce they argon still not able to communicate in English comfortably and confidently. One of the reasons behind this is that our educational system is not aw be that they should focalize on totally the four well-nigh(a) readinesss of the language. Only the skills of skiming and writing atomic number 18 heightened, while the skills of earr to each one and speaking argon neglected. The students do not get the required in pull. The students can neer speak the language because they do not listen to it. Our get a lineers inculcate English language through with(predicate) comment. They translate everything in Urdu. In this way the students argon not motivated to learn it.The teachers speak Urdu in English classes. If the students scratch anything difficult to understand, the teacher will instantly translate it in Urdu kinda of explaining it in English. This is the fleck in government ara schools. The condition is different in private schools. This wide gap between government and private schools is not healthy for a developing nation. Private schools argon also self-aggrandising importance to the devil neglected skills of listening and speaking. Creativity is promoted and students atomic number 18 motivated to speak in English even outside their classes. It is very important for a teacher to k now the process of language learning. It is the certificate of indebtedness of the teacher to bring different activities in the class to develop a healthy environment in the class which promotes language learning. Our teachers of the government domain focus on accuracy and the students are supposed to watch the language. In this way, the students do not feel comfortable to communicate in English.Siddiqui (2002) declared that the foreshortenificant position of English in subcontinent it due to its colonial past. During that period, this language promoted due to its privileged military position and it was the official language. Learning English language was a key to get a job and enjoy the privileges from the government. scarce some fundamentalists Muslims refused to acquire this language because they wanted to hold strongly their own language i.e. Urdu. They believed that acquiring English language will be the sign of their salvation. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan took initiative conside ring the importance of learning English language. He attempted some educational movements throughout the subcontinent which brought a revolution in the economic status of Muslims.After the independence of Pakistan, Urdu was declared as the national language of Pakistan. Urdu language was able to be treated as lingua-franca- a language of communication. Urdu was such language that could be spoken by the people of different provinces in Pakistan. With the fall offage of time, regional languages went on losing their importance and Urdu language overcame them and English remained the official language of Pakistan even so. Many policies were offered at government level to replace Urdu with English as official language but it well-kept its position.In mainstream schools, English language was to be taught from class five but now it is taught as compulsory subject from class one. The demand of English is very high in Pakistan. People like to send their children in English medium school s. The number of students in English medium schools is very large. The government had offered a polity of breeding English to everyone but this policy is not giving us a desired outcomes.We do not have qualified teachers to do the job properly. there are many factors which can show the state of English language learn in Pakistan. These include,StudentsTeachersTextbooks happenologyEvaluationSupervisory staffEconomic problemsOver move classesStudentsEveryone up to the Bachelor level has to study English as a compulsory subject. Many students do not like this compulsion because the students who come from the rural back ground are not motivated towards learning English. Their parents cannot help them because they are mostly uneducated. They are not clear in learning the function of learning English language. They think that only untroubled student scan learn English language. Some people have realized the underlying purpose of learning English language in modern age. They have realized that the English is the key to any victory and to get a good job.TeachersIn studyity of our schools, English is taught with a well known and classic method acting i.e. Grammar interpreting Method (GTM). Teachers who teach English are not well teach. In government sector schools, English is taught by B.Ed degree hold teachers who have studied English at B.Ed level as optional subject. They teach English to their students as they have been taught by their own teachers. At college level, English language is taught by the teachers who have done Masters in English literature. In Pakistan, program line English language is considered as coverma literature. These teachers become failure when the librate of pen and spoken discourse comes.Text booksThe syllabus is punctuated on just two skills i.e. tuition and writing skills while very subatomic importance is effrontery to the listening and speaking skill. Our text books are copious of stories, poems, plays, essays etc. because the curriculum designers have mostly the literature based background. So their preference is also literature based. The content of our books is also very large. The teachers are always at pressure by the principles and the parents of the students. So the preference of the teachers is the end of the course by some easy way without giving emphasize on concept making. Teachers are not guided well that how to teach a text book.EvaluationThe assessment system of English language in Pakistan is very weak. The exams are mostly rote-memorization based. In exams, same questions are repeated again and again. The guide books are available in market to give the students the summaries and wait ons of the questions.Supervisory staffThe supervisory staff is unaware of the a la mode(p) methods of teaching English language. They aim just to get high attach to their students for the popularity of their school and college.Economic problemsEconomic problems and lack of facilities is als o a major problem in the process of teaching and learning of English language in Pakistan. Due to the lack of funds, there are not audio recording visual aids, language laboratories etc in Pakistan. Teachers are also not trained for utilize them.Over crowded classesIn the government sector schools, Classes are overcrowded. The environment in the class is not learners friendly.Methods of English Language learn match to Asher and James (1982), Methods are the combination of techniques that are used and p croakicized by the teachers in the classrooms in order to teach their students and approaches are the philosophies of teachers about language teaching that can be applied in the classrooms by employ different techniques of language teaching. For example, if a teacher has an approach that language is the communication and learning a language is in fact learning the meanings, functions and uses of language. So the techniques will be based on the communicative language teaching and t ask based methods.According to Freeman (2000), Methods which are taught to the teachers make a base and give them thinking about the applicable techniques and principles according to the situation where they stand. They are clear about their attraction towards legitimate methods and also think that why have they repelled certain method. The knowledge of method is very demand because their knowledge is base of teaching.History of Language TeachingToday, English is the worlds most widely studied foreign language. Five hundred years ago, Latin was the most dominant language to be studied because it was the language of business, commerce and education in the western world. In the sixteenth century, however, French, Italian and English gain in importance as a result of policy-making change in Europe and Latin gradually became displaced as a language of spoken and written communication.Latin became a dead language. It was creation started to read in the books as classic language. Chil dren started to enter in the grammar school in sixteenth and eighteenth centuries to learn grammar regularizes of Latin. To learn Latin language became a mental gymnastic. In the eighteenth century, when modern languages began to enter in the curriculum of the European countries, these languages were taught by the same methods as Latin language was taught. Grammatical observes were memorized. Written practices were done. The passages were translated from the second language to the first language and infirmity versa.By the nineteenth century, this method was considered as a standard method of teaching language. The textbooks were divided into chapters. Each chapter contained a certain well-formed rule and rule was practices with a lot of written exercises (Richards, and Rodgers, 1986).Grammar comment MethodGrammar interlingual rendition method was first known in the United States as Prussian Method. Grammar exposition method dominated European and foreign language teaching fro m 1840 to 1940.Characteristics of grammar translation methodAccording to the Richards and Rodgers (1986), the principle characteristics of Grammar Translation Method areIn Grammar Translation Method, the goal of learning a second or foreign language is mainly to be enabling to read the literature of that language and is to get benefit from in articulateectual development that results from foreign and second language study. Grammar Translation Method enables to learn detailed grammatic rules of charge language and enables to translate into and out of the train language.In Grammar Translation Method, reading and writing skills are focused while listening and speaking skills are totally ignored.In Grammar Translation Method, the memorization of grammatical rules of foreign language and of the vocabulary items is focused. diction items are limited to the text that they are taught. Vocabulary items are memorized with the help of their meanings in the native language.In Grammar Trans lation Method, denounced is the fundamental unit of teaching and language practice. The learners are enabled to do detailed psychoanalysis of a sentence through this method. The learners are enabled to translate a sentence into and out of the gull language.In Grammar Translation Method, accuracy is emphasized kinda than blandness. The basic purpose of this method used to be able to pass the written examinations.In Grammar Translation Method, grammar is taught deductively i.e. by presenting and practicing the detailed grammatical rules of site language. A syllabus of grammatical rules if followed in which rules are systematically put in to a sequence starting from the simple rules to the Byzantine rules.In Grammar Translation Method, students are directed and instructions are given in the students native language so that they may easily understand the instructions. The students native language is used to explain new items and to enable them to compare two languages i.e. nativ e language of the learners and foreign language.Main techniques associated with grammar translation method in that respect are some major techniques that are adopted in the teaching of second or foreign language through Grammar Translation Method.Translation of a literary passage. Students translate a reading passage into and out of the target language. In checking of the translation, the focus of the teacher is on vocabulary and grammatical structures. The translation may be written or spoken or both. Students should not translate idioms but must understand their meanings.Reading cognizance Questions. A passage for reading and understanding is given to the students and they have to answer the questions given at the end of the passage in the target language. The questions are put into a sequence. The first group of questions is related with the information pull from the passage, second group of questions require students to make inferences based on their understanding of the passa ge. The third group of questions requires students to relate the passage with their own experiences.Antonym and synonyms. Students are given a list of dustup and a passage. The students have to hear out the antonyms of those words in the passage. Similarly, the students can also be given a list of words and can be asked to find out the synonyms of the given words from the passage.Deductive application of rules. Grammar rules are presented before the students with the all possible information that can be given to the students relating to the grammatical rules. The rules are also explained with examples. Once students understand a rule, they are asked to apply it for some different examples.Fill in the blanks. The students are given a serial of sentences with some missing words. The students have to fill in the blanks with some worthy grammar items such a preposition and verbs with different tenses.Memorization. The students are given a list of vocabulary to memorize them with the ir meaning in the native language. Students are also required to memorize the grammatical rules.Use words in sentences. In order to check the understanding of the meaning and sue of vocabulary, the students are asked to use the list of typical words in their own sentences.Composition. The teacher gives a issue to the students to bring out about that topic in the target language. The topic is based on some aspect of the reading passage of the lesson.Advantages of grammar translation methodNazir (2002) narrated as The structure of a foreign language is scoop up learnt when compare and contrasted with that of the mother tongue.According to Ishtiaq (2005), the Grammar Translation Method is based on a system and is in a sequence because in this method all the grammatical rules are arranged into a sequence for the public toilet of the students. This sequence starts from the simple rules and eventually operates to the complex rules. When a book is written by an author on grammatical r ules keeping in gather in the sequence, he writes one lesson that is completely based on one rule of grammar. Each lesson is divided into certain rules and these rules dominate the lesson.Larson (1986) narrated importance of Grammar Translation Method as in Grammar Translation Method, students are made to learn new words. Therefore, this method helps in improving vocabulary. Reading and writing are the two primary skills that are demonstrable most so as to enable the students to read the literature in target language. Grammar is taught deductively and it makes use of students mother language.Disadvantages of grammar translation methodNeilson (2003) stated that in Grammar Translation Method, oral skills i.e. speaking and listening skills are totally neglected while the whole attention is given to just reading and writing skills. Through this method, the students become able to read the literature of the target language by translating it into their native language but cannot communi cate into the target language and even cannot understand the target language spoken by any native speaker.In Grammar Translation Method, the pledge of the classroom is totally in the hands of the teacher and teacher is at the centre of the classroom. The communication is just from teachers to students not from student to teacher and not even from students to students. The students are considered empty minded which have aimed to be filled with all the possible vocabulary and grammatical structures that can be filled in their minds.The main disadvantage of the Grammar Translation Method is that it is some impossible to translate all the phrases and sentences into the target language because the main focus is the translation of this method so such students who have been taught through this method become fail to communicate well in the target language.In the Grammar Translation Method, accuracy is emphasized rather than fluency and students go on thinking to accurate the grammatical rules which actually hinder their fluency. In Grammar Translation Method, the teacher abruptly interferes and stops the students wherever they make the mistakes so they become conscious while speaking and communicating in the target language and become unavailing to be fluent.Criticism of the grammar translation methodThere have been various criticisms on the use of Grammar Translation Method for the teaching of modern language particularly English. There are some objections that have been put on the Grammar Translation Method.Grammar Translation Method emphasizes on the reading and writing skills on the expense of listening and speaking skills. just now learning the listening and speaking skills of a language is more important than inclination of an orbit reading and writing skills because it is a inherent way of learning a language. In Grammar Translation Method, writing gives learners a reflective encounter to think at their writing that whether they have written settle sp ellings, vocabulary and grammatical rules. The main aim and goal of most of the learners in learning modern languages is not just to develop reading and writing skills whereas they want to communicate well and understand the native speakers language.Grammar Translation Method demands the arrangement of the grammatical rules in a structure starting from the simple rules and leading to the complex rules. While most of the learners especially adult learners want to start using the language straight way because they have not got time to learn all the grammatical rules one by one and start using them after then. Grammar Translation Method emphasizes to make the students learn each rule and practice it one by one and after commanding a rule move to the next one. So there remains the need to revise all the rules again and again so that they may not get washed out of the learners mind.In Grammar Translation Method, sentence is the basic unit of the language. The learners are made able to me morize certain rules of grammar and certain vocabulary which they have to fit everywhere they find a chance to use them. But if learners find some unusual situation they become unable to fit their memorized rules to fit in that situation.In Grammar Translation Method, grammatical rules and vocabulary is memorized in modern ways of teaching a language memorization is not regarded while exposure of a language, experience and use of language is preferred and recommended. People have different learning styles. Some people like to learn vocabulary, grammar rules, phrase and sentences through memorization. But when they have to sue them, they must have time to stop and recall the memorized items.In Grammar Translation Method, the focus of the learners is the manipulation of the grammatical rules and words to write correct sentences with prescribed content. But in learning the modern languages, it is recommended that the major focus should be more and more on the oral practice and expressi on of the personal meanings. The expression of the personal meanings may spoil the structure of the grammar rules and sentences.In Grammar Translation Method, the teachers and the learners mostly speak in their first language or native language. While it is highly recommended that use of second and target language should be maximized in learning the language but here maximization does not mean teachers and learners should all the time speak in the target language. The speaking of the second language is also advantageous because in language classrooms we may also have multilingual learners that may belong to different languages so a hotshot language i.e. second or target language will be convenient to use without pointing a single native language.In Grammar Translation Method, teacher should explain, describe the grammatical rules, tell the meanings of the words, translate the passages, conduct grammar practices, correct mistakes and teacher should authorized the classroom and lear ners. But now it is highly recommended that teachers role in the class should be as a guide and facilitator. Teachers role in the language classroom should be less. Teacher should act behind the scene. Teacher should give the problems to the learners to solve, interact among each other and generally it leads the learners to be independent learners.In Grammar Translation Method, translation is the basic technique. Translation is a way of understanding the meanings of the written and oral texts by converting the texts into the first or native language of the learners. Translation is a way of comparing and contrasting two languages i.e. first language and second language. But now it is highly recommended that translation should be avoided because it leads to such a mental process which hinders or stops learning. The learners should be encouraged to speak and even think in second language as lots as possible.In Grammar Translation Method, accuracy is emphasized rather than fluency but i t is now highly recommended that accuracy should come at the last and fluency should preferred first. If the learners are corrected on their mistakes from the very beginning, they will become hesitant to speak in the target language. When they will start to speak, their minds will abruptly become read to look upon the grammatical rules that they are using so I this way they will become unable to be fluent in language (Jonathan, 2012)Grammar translation method in PakistanFaiq (2003) stated that in most of the Pakistani schools, Grammar Translation Method is used to teach English. In Pakistan, Grammar Translation Method is used to learn and memorize the grammatical rules in such a way that rules are deductively presented and do through the exercises of translation, fill in the blanks and by using such other techniques. Mostly students are taught certain letters, applications and stories like thirsty crow, greedy dog etc. In Pakistan, it is considered that learning a language means ju st to be able to read literature and write certain kinds of things without giving importance to the listening and speaking skills.Grammar is taught through deductive method i.e. rules are presented to the learners, deep analysis of the rules is done and rules are used for translating passages of English into Urdu ad of Urdu into English. It is a common practice in our public sector schools that a student reads aloud the lines of a paragraph and teacher translate it into Urdu word by word. Teachers write the meanings of the difficult words on the blackboard. Linguists say that a language can be better learnt without translation and meanings of the difficult words can be told through demonstrations and actions.Language can be better learnt and taught by using it actively in the classrooms. Grammar can better learnt through inductive or implicit method i.e. exposure of a rule is provided to the learners and learners grasp that rule unconsciously. The importance of listening and speakin g skill cannot be denied in the public sector schools of Pakistan. Writing is also an important skill but just copying the material from the blackboard is not a good practice. It limits the thinking process of the learners. Learners should be given some topics to write on them in their own words.In our schools, teachers and textbooks take the central role in the classroom while the students sit passively depending on the teachers and textbooks. The learners purpose of sitting in the classroom is to take lectures from the teachers. The interaction from the students to teachers is not ever into the consideration of public sector schools. They just know how to feed the minds of the learners with information. Learners should be considered as living creations with their own minds, ideas and thinking. The learners have their background knowledge. The use of the leaners background knowledge can be helpful for the teachers to teach a language. speak MethodThe direct method was the outcome of the reaction against the grammar translation method. It was developed on the supposition that the learners of foreign and second language should directly think in English. This method is against the translation of written and oral text and focuses on telling the meanings of the words through action, demonstration or real objects. This method focuses on directly thinking, doing discussion and conversation in second language.According to Palmer (1959), the direct method has the following characteristicsTranslation is banished in the language classrooms including the use of mother tongue.When grammar is taught inductively that means exposure is given to the learners related to the grammar rule that is being taught. Through this method grammar rule is internalized to the learners.Oral training precedes any miscellany of reading and writing. The learners are given chances for oral communication first and then it leads to the reading and writing skills of the language. We can say that listening and speaking skills lead to the reading and writing skills.The use of detached sentences is shifted by the use of machine-accessible text.The pronunciation is taught systematically through the system of phonetics and phonology of the target language. It means that learners are motivated to speak in the accent of the second language. So the learners have to follow the phonetics and phonology system of the second language.The use of multilingual dictionary is banished totally in the language classrooms. The teachers dont tell the meanings of the word through the learners native or first language while the difficult words are described through action or through natural context.The vocabulary and structures of the language are inculcated to large extent by the teachers and answered by the students.Purwarno