Learning and Development is a Luxury that Organisations Can Afford Essay

Learning and Development is a Luxury that Organisations Can Afford only in financially Prosperous Times - Essay ExampleEmployers and employees both gain benefit from accomplishment and unwrapment. From the viewpoint of employer, learning and development atomic number 18 signifi toleratet to preserve or develop the knowledge, the abilities and the performances so that they can fulfil the parentage objectives. From the viewpoint of employees, learning and development help to accomplish performance goals in a successful way. They alike deliver an outline to recognise new abilities and knowledge and apply them in the practical work environment. As a result, learning and development can also motivate the employees (ACCA, 2010). One of the most significant assets for both organisation is its employee force. In the modern business environment, knowledge, originality, and passion are crucial differentiators for any organisation or industry. Besides, when it comes to achievement and w inning competition, advanced talents and proficiencies in the areas of mechanical, managerial or operational domain become demand for organisations. Though abilities and knowledge are replaceable in the long-run, the cost of switching employees and providing required training to develop them is huge and it can impact on organisational performance (Mitchell, 2008). Investment in learning and development on a regular basis is significant to retain or ensure lesser employee turnover and ginger up them to be involved more in the work and achieve the goals for the organisation. Organisations always require skilled employees who can perform efficiently their allocated tasks. In this apace changing business environment, it is extremely necessary to provide powerful performance continuously. But the key conflict or constraint with respect to learning and development is the budget. Organisations that are smaller have less money to invest on learning and development. Yet, in present dayt imes even small organisations have more learning and developmental requirements. Contemporary business environment is different and it comprises of many innovative technologies which were considered to be science fiction (sci-fi) few years ago. The globalisation is impacting the businesses structures and organisational cultures. sassy regulations are impacting the working practices, and employees have greater prospects from their companies and working lives. In the workplace, it is necessary for employees to adjust and to react with the fluctuations rapidly and without loss of efficiency. In other words, employees need to understand quickly new tasks, adjust with the new procedures, record additional responsibilities, grasp new technologies and obey the new legal necessities viz. health and security guidelines and entropy security among others (Clifford & Thorpe, 2007). Learning should be constant with the aim to maintain pace with the business fluctuations. Learning and developm ent cannot be conveyed except when there is growth requirement. Growth requirements arise when employees actual performances differ from the desired performances. The interchange idea of learning is that every person possesses the ability to learn if they are provided with adequate time and endure (Clifford & Thorpe, 2007). Learning and development activities can be influenced by several aspects. Certain significant issues that impact on the learning and development are inadequate resources, traditional culture, embedded approach towards training, stress of

The Stress Level and Academic Performances for Chinese Overseas Research Paper

The Stress Level and Academic Performances for Chinese Overseas Students in Australia - Research study ExampleUsing questionnaires and interview as research instruments, the researcher gathered data from Chinese postgraduate students from different kinds of field in University of Western Sydney. Using the questionnaire, the researcher collected data in areas such(prenominal) as the age of participant, gender of participant, the courses studied by participants, extra activities undertaken by participants such as odd-job(prenominal) work, how participants spent their leisure among other things. Results obtained from students go a long way to show that most of the students go through tensionful activities during the day even aside their studies. Combining studies with such activities therefore worsen their examine level. In the long run, it was revealed students with very high levels of focusingful activities performed poorly compared to those who went through normal r let outines of the day. Introduction development is an act that demands so much mental attention and concentration. To this effect, it is almost a requirement that before schooling can take place, the mind (brain) must be in a domain of alertness to convey the volumes of new ideas that is being added to it. Sadly though, most students who are the anchor of teaching find themselves deprived of the state of alertness that is being discussed here. Such students lose their mental alertness to stress. Quoting Selye (1974 p. 27), Murff (2006) states that stress is a nonspecific reception of the body to any demands made upon it. This means that stress is a reaction that the body (and more specifically brain) gives towards any act of pressure that is placed on it. Koduah (2008) explains that the pressure that demands the body to respond is often engraft on the brain. To this effect, stress can be said to be a mental state of tiredness and this tiredness arises because there is so much pressure on the brain. Literally, one would be tempted to think that the scarce time that the brain is made to work is the time that the brain is being used to think and so it tiredness of the brain results only out of excessive thinking. This assumption is not correct. Rather, the brain is responsible for carrying out 80% of all activities that any part of the body undertakes (Kanner, 1981). This means that apart from activities that demand thinking, in undertaking activities with other parts of our body, it is actually the brain that we are using most. As elucidated by Garret (2001), stress is no respecter of person. Once so much pressure is put on the body, the mind gets tired and stress will sets in. Students have been identified to be one of the worse sufferers of stress (Murff, 2006). This is because apart from the fact that learning itself demands so much mental alertness and puts so much pressure on the brain, students are confront other activities and processes such as adjusting to university life and routines (Ross, Neibling and Heckert, 1999). Some of these activities and processes demand that students make new friends, have unwavering inter-personal relationships, work within fixed and at times

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Psychology - Essay ExampleOn the other(a) hand, the kind needs argon classified by McClelland into tether and these involve achievement, affiliation and power. These needs are what act people in their jobs and in areas where they are in. McClellands theory is also known as three need theory or learned needs theory. In my puzzle outplace where power seems to displace the higher rank, there is no reason to believe that McClelland was not right about his theory. Fin in ally, Herzbergs pauperization theory is widely known as motivation-hygiene theory or devil-factor theory. For Herzberg, there must be two essential factors that affect peoples performance especially in their jobs. Those factors that lead them to satisfaction are called motivation factors and those that cause them dissatisfaction are hygiene factors. Herzberg identified six top factors that give lead to dissatisfaction fraternity policy, supervision, relationship with boss, work conditions, salary and relationshi p with peers. On the other hand, the identified top six factors that will lead to satisfaction among people are achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement and growth. These are specific factors but in reality, this is real and existing in my work place because many employees were actually dissatisfied with the management collectable to poor company policy and low standard supervision. When these three theories are to be compared, there is oneness single commonality that can be identified in them. These three try to consider the piece needs. These needs are assumed to be what will motivate world beings in the most affirmable way. The three theories are all able to pinpoint the basic and general human needs in life and they all imply satisfaction when experience to the fullest. This satisfaction in general results to motivation to work and continue doing things that fulfill satisfaction. In short, the three theories do not eliminate the possibility of exp erience as tantamount to identifying what seems to be pleasing and ensure satisfaction. What differentiates these three theories from each other is their level of identification of the human needs. The identification of Maslow seems to be specific and hierarchical while the idea of Herzberg is two dimensional and involves great take up of clustering human needs. Finally, the idea of McClelland seems quite general but it still encompasses the all level of human needs. It is therefore clear that the difference lies on how these three theorists try to substantiate the issue of satisfaction and motivation. sort 1. The three theories develop and overlap in my work Part II. Cultural dimension of motivation definition When humans arrived in the planet, everything did not start in an instant. Man required to understand his experience in order to perfectly create a series of normal pattern on how to live. It is also done experience he was able to understand his needs. It is clear therefor e that the development of culture is based on the idea that experience has to exist prior to the creation of lifestyle, food to eat, occasions to celebrate, language to use and more. Amazingly, all of these are encompassed by culture. By looking at it from the perspective of Maslow, apart from self esteem and self-actualization, other needs are substantially define and influenced by culture. These needs are all externally defined

Critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of the different models Essay

critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of the different models of Strategic Human Resource focussing - Essay ExamplePersonnel Management involved hiring the scoop employees, keeping employees productive, monitoring employees in their operations, payment, motivation and development of employees (Biz Bite Consulting Group, 2011). Personnel focusing was mainly focusebd on ensuring that workers made to provide the go around results and this was done in a very obscure manner that was independent of central organizational goals and objectives (Becker and Gerhart, 1996 Thomson, 1999). This meant that employee matters were simply grouped under this aspect of the billet and it enabled the business to remain in control of affairs in government activitys. Also, personnel watchfulness involved a building block that ensured that employee matters were dealt with and employee challenges were revolved. It existed as a necessary social unit but not a vital component that was manipul ated by management to meet the overall goal of the organisation. Strategic human resource management, on the other hand, evolved to go personnel management with the goals of the organisation (Thomson, 1999). In other words, the personnel management unit is designed and ran in such a trend that it contributes directly to the long-term organisational plan and goals (Galbraith and Nathanson, 1978). This integration meant that the strategy of the organisation was combine into the personnel department and this department was ran to meet organisational strategical goals. In uniteing the old personnel management unit of a business to the strategic units and levels of businesses, there are quadruplet main methods and approaches that are use to link the two systems. They are 1. universalistic Approach 2. Contingency Approach 3. Resource- found Approach and 4. Institutionalist Approach Each of these four approaches to strategic human resource management comes with various strengths and weaknesses. This paper examines each of the approaches and undertakes a critical compendium of all of them. This will involve an examination of the main theory that underlines the approach and an assessment of the merits and demerits of each approach. Universalistic Approach to Strategic Human Resource Management. The universalistic approach assumes that there is one best way of carrying carrying reveal the human resource management function strategically (Pfeffer, 1998). In other words, the management swing time to crystallize a system of managing people that they consider to be foolproof and appropriate to the organisation in all circumstances. The best way of doing human resource management becomes a universal nock of rules that are used to run the human resource management unit as a strategic business unit that works to meet strategic goals of the organisation. There are three yard measures that are used in defining the best way. These yardsticks come up as a result of the need to define what is best and what will eventually become the universally accepted human resource management system. The first yardstick is a commitment based system which involves the choice of a strategic human resource management system that helps employees to become more committed (Guest, 1987). This way, the basis for choosing a system of implementation is to find out what best enhances employee commitment. The second yardstick is the concern for employee motivated system (Wood, 1999). I doing this, what is defined as the best human resource management system is judged by how sensitive it is to the needs of employees. The third model is kind of opposite to the second model. This is a concern for work model. In other words, the universalistic approach is based on the ability of an HRM model to make employees provide the highest level of outcome and results for the

The Cuban Missile Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Cuban projectile Crisis - Essay ExampleDuring 1962, the President of Soviet Union was repeatedly accused of creating a rocket flutter between the US and Soviet Union. At that point of time, Soviet Union was desperately behind the US in terms of balancing the power of armed forces. It felt insecure as its rockets could only be utilized against Europe, whereas US missiles were able to assault the entire Soviet Union. Furthermore, Cuba also feared about an assault from the US army. Cuba was also searching for a way to defend the island from US attack. Due to these reasons, Soviet chief conceived the head of propertying missiles in Cuba. In order to defend the island, Cuba had approved the plan of Soviet Union to position missiles in the island. This missile positioning strategy in Cuba was intended to enhance the strategic resources and to restrict the gap of the US threat on Cuba as well as Soviet Union. This was the build-up of a grave missile crisis in Cuba between two glob al superpowers2.In the US, the crisis started when satellite images exposed Soviet missiles under instalment in Cuba. As the US forces scrutinized transportation activities in Cuba, gossips started to flow in Washington. Through the investigation, the US had revealed the strawman of defensive missiles in Cuba. Although Soviet Union allegedly declared that there were no invasive missiles in Cuba, US had discovered the existence of missiles in Cuba. This situation resulted in intense arguments within top levels of governments. During the Cuba missile crisis, tensions started to generate from both sides3. Considering the situation, the US had asserted that any kind of nuclear launch from Cuba would be termed as an attack on the US by Soviet Union and consequently it could start a bare-assed nuclear war. In the meantime, the US had also directed Soviet Union to eliminate all the vile missiles from Cuba. One of the most precarious moments of the crisis occurred when the US destroyers were forced to isolate Cuba4.A

Reporting for the Media News Writing Assignment Essay

Reporting for the Media News Writing Assignment - test ExampleThe stories can also be divided into hard news, soft news, feature, and editorial. Media news process fundamentally consists of planning, researching, and writing (Media Aw arness Network, 2010).In the process of completing the news story, the company selected is Coca Cola. The four first-string sources that will help in completing the story regarding work out scenario at Coca Cola are going to be finance committee members, president of the take aparticular business segment related to budget section, chief executive officer and chief financial officer. Also there going to be hexad secondary sources for taking the interview. They are going to be officers in general management, supply chain management, food for thought service management, and strategy and business development, brand marketing, strategic growth officer as well as global marketing manager (The Coca Cola Company, 2009).The above mentioned sources form th e core part of budget related stopping point making. Therefore, their point of view is crucial in preparing the news story. Finance committee is primarily responsible for preparing a budget of company. The committee helps the board members and higher authority of the company to discover the facts and figures associated with a budget plan. Also, they make the board and decision making authority like chief financial officer aware of previous years budget and also the areas that are going to need aspect after in preparing the budget. The committee prepares a review of the capital expenditures, budget operations, and financial operations. They also barrack about the dividend policy (The Coca Cola Company, 2009).The budget related information then is streamlined to decision making authority like chief financial officers, chief executive officers and the president. They all are part of the decision making authority regarding budget allocation like which department should get main spl endor in preparation of budget. Therefore for preparing the news story

Fredric Jones' Positive Discipline Model Research Paper

Fredric Jones Positive separate Model - Research Paper ExampleFredric Jones assessed the classroom environment of those he bowl each(prenominal) overed as natural teachers. On the basis of his research and observation, Jones created the Positive Discipline Model for the management and success of the classroom. The purpose of this paper is to consider Jones Positive Discipline Model, discussing its inherent features and applicability. Jones model concludes that discipline must always take precedence over instruction. Consequently, Jones suggests that teachers should take time to explain, re-teach and reexamine procedures inherent in the classroom throughout the academic year. According to Jones, a classroom routine is a critical teachers labor-saving device. Notably, it is not sufficient to merely deposit discipline standards required for the classroom, but rather take the time to teach these standards and procedures as though they be part of some other lessons taught in the cl assroom. According to Tauber (2007), all discipline-based procedures must be taught the same as other lessons within the curriculum, complete with stage setting, molding, clarification, and application until students get these procedures right. Therefore, when discipline is required, instruction should be terminated in order to provide an opportunity for the engraining of discipline in the students classroom mannerisms. For Jones, the maxim of prevention is better than bring to holds true. At the heart of his model is the need to establish proactive and deterrent discipline measures in all teachers strategies such as motivation, discipline and instruction. Therefore,

Adult learning theory and research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adult learning hypothesis and - Research report card ExampleFurthermore, the approach of learning can be enhanced by enabling the students to work autonomously, development the feeling of self-belief and collaborating in an effective manner. On the opposite hand, development can be enhanced by inducing proper learning behaviour and mitigating any sort of query and issue that the people facial expression in the course of developing newly behaviours (Weimer, 2012 Vygotsky, n.d.).Correspondingly, theory and research argon regarded as two antithetic aspects wherein theory is regarded as the approach of widely acknowledged principles as well as explanations. Additionally, the aspect of theory is highly descriptive in nature and recognised to possess most reliable form of knowledge. Moreover, theories are highly recognised in logical form based on substantial evidences. On the other hand, research is regarded as the creative work under taken to justify the utilisation of varied the ories and develop new knowledge. Nevertheless, both theory and research is regarded as the scientific methods, which help the people to acquire knowledge and develop new practices. Relatively, the aspect of theory is based on the surveillance of phenomena and research emphasis over proving that has been inferred with the observations (Layder, 1998).In tattle to the above context, in order to develop face-to-face and online presentation, the approach of transformation theory could be taken into concern. Besides, the application of the theoretical prospective will allow making significant transformation of learning behaviour that will encourage the students to build higher level of communication and interactive approach with the audiences. Additionally, theories are be to be effective in producing valuable learning within the students and highly beneficial to understand the fundamental interaction patterns prevailing within the learning environment (Kitchenham, 2010).

Research Paper and Power Point on Artist Claude Monet

And Power Point on Artist Claude Monet - Research Paper ExampleMonet got born in 1840 in Paris but got raised in the Normandy region. He was the second born to his father Claude Adolphe Monet and mother Louise Justine Aubree Monet. His parents were second generation Parisians (Whiting 8). His father worked in the familys shipping business while his mother was a housewife who took care of the family. His mother was as well as a trained singer who liked poetry and was besides a very popular hostess. His family relocated to the Normandy region when he was suppurated 5 years. Monet developed his love for drawing at an early age through his interest for being outside than confined in a classroom. His mother greatly back up his artistic pursuit while his father wanted him to join the family business. Upon his mothers death in 1857, Monet suffered greatly (Katilina & Brodskaya 50).Monet became well known in the community for drawing many of his towns house physician as well as for hi s caricatures. Monet started to develop a liking for the natural world in his deeds when he met a local landscape artist in Eugene Boudin. Boudin was influential in introducing Monet to outdoor exposure also known as plein air painting, which eventually formed the basis of his works. Monet moved to Paris in 1859 to pursue his artistic dream where he enrolled at the Academic Suisse as a student(Katilina & Brodskaya 22) . His enrollment was also fuelled by the works of the Barbizon painters earlier in the century who showed close observation and great naturalistic histrionics in their works. His time as a student at the institution led him to meet Camille Pissarro, a fellow artist who became his close friend for years. The years 1861-1862 saw him serve in the military in Algiers, Algeria where he got discharged for poor health. His return to studies in Paris saw him meet other artists in Alfred Sisley, Frederic Bazille, and Auguste Renoir. The four developed an artistic friendship. Monet also worked

Intel Corporation PEST and Value Chain Analysis Essay

Intel plenty PEST and Value ambit Analysis - Essay ExampleIn the year 2001, the IT industry faced global decrease in demand for IT products which adversely affected the balance of trade of US and separate countries (Buffet 2011). In this regard, the US regimen improved its tax laws, labor policy, tariffs and trade liberalization policies to attract the global consumption for IT products from US manufacturers. Robert (1990) undertook a study to examine the impact of Japanese trade liberalization policy and tariffs in semiconductor device commercialize on the US manufacturers. This positive political environment acts as an opportunity for Intel Corporation to capitalize upon its products and increase globally. 2) Economic Factors The US mixed economy has a GDP growth rate of 2.5 percent in the thirdly quarter of 2011 which is a decrease by 0.4 percent from previous year (Bureau of Economic Analysis). The internationalist Monetary Fund reported that the Gross World Product of t he US GDP is $15 trillion dollars that is 23 percent at the market exchange rates (Greyhill Advisors). Furthermore, it observed that this amount is equivalent to 20 percent of Purchasing Power Parity or PPP (DeNavas-halt, Proctor & Smith 2011). US ranks third largest exporter. Its public debt amounts to $15.03 trillion dollars and poverty is 15.1 percent according to 2010 estimates (Treasury). The CPI Inflation has been estimated as 3.5 percent between October 2010-2011 period (United States Bureau of Labor Statistics). According to 2009 estimates of World Bank, the US economy is largely based on its private sector enterprises accounting for 86.4 percent of its economy. The large contribution of private sector in US economy means an opportunity for Intel to expand and benefit from the overall affirmative macro-environment factors. However, PricewaterhouseCoopers conducted... Intel Corporation is the US atomic number 82 semiconductor manufacturer that maintains a significant global market share of semiconductor industry. In the young global recession has adversely affected the US economy. However, the recovery has created a awesome increase in the exports for semiconductor based microprocessor chips throughout the world. The US economys growth is largely due to the study contributions of this sector. As a result, the US economy is growing and encouraging the future revolution in the semiconductor technology. The global trade liberalization movement in response to the global demand for newer and updated technological products has lessen trade tariffs that US government welcomes with open arms. As a result, the growth of microprocessors and other PC components picked tremendous volume to become the largest contributor of revenue for the US economy. Intel Corporation has a favorable macro-environmental analysis which plainly has one issue and that is the unprecedented recession of the US economy. In terms of value chain analysis, Intel Corporation has a sou nd value chain that is helping it to maintain its competitive edge over other competitors like AMD.

Role of Johnathan Edwards on First Great Awakening Essay

Role of Johnathan Edwards on First Great alter - Essay ExampleDuring his final years he was in charge of a boarding rail where he preached the Indian boys. He died from smallpox in 1758, five weeks later on he was inaugurated as the electric chair of the College of New Jersey (Jonathan Edwards). The First Great wake up Religious re raw(a)al The First Great awaken was a movement that revitalized Christianity in the American colonies during the third and fourth decades of the eighteenth century. The squeeze was particularly felt in New England. The movement was caused by certain Christians who began to protest against the traditional mode of worship. It was generated by intense preaching from theologians like Jonathan Edwards which encouraged the avid listeners to disassociate from established rituals. They could feel a new sense of spiritual sincerity and their prayers were intensified by deep emotions (Basic Concepts of the First Great Awakening). Cause of the movement The gl orious revolution of 1688 brought an end to the fights between different religious and political groups in England. The Church of England became the most important perform of the country. People began to practice only one organized religion as the other religions like Catholicism, Judaism, and Puritanism were suppressed. Although this created religious stability but there was lack of fervor among the worshippers. Religion became a set of rituals to be followed without deep faith in the heart and soul. This state of complacency continued for some(prenominal) decades in England and American colonies before the First Great Awakening brought a religious renewal in the second quarter of the eighteenth century (Basic Concepts of the First Great Awakening). First Revivals in 1733-35 The roots of the First Great Awakening grew when a terrible earthquake struck on October 29, 1927 in New England. This led to wide-spread spiritual awakenings among the general people which paved the way for future revivals. The massive impact of the event and thirty sermons regarding the earthquake that were published shook the spiritual complacency among the believers. As an immediate kernel of the earthquake people began to crowd in churches to seek for salvation through Christ. The pastors began to preach the benefits of revival. Haverhills church became the largest center for revival after the earthquake where many fervent meetings were held with the churches of Bradford and Massachusetts. Pastor John Brown wrote in a letter that 154 people most of whom were youths came to him for full membership, baptism, or renewal of their baptismal covenant (Kidd, 10). more people who had committed grave sins came to the church with deep faith to seek salvation. Brown however did non believe that the earthquake was the only cause of the start of revival, as he saw new interests for religion in his congregation in the spring of the same year. The next revival came in a measure of great Secur ity with no external provocations like natural disasters. This was the revival generated by Jonathan Edwards in Northampton in 1734-35. Although George Whitefield was the most important preacher of that era, Edwards was the greatest American articulator of the evangelical view of God, man and revival (Kidd, 10-13). In April of 1734, a young man died within two days of being attacked by Pleurisy. Soon after that a young married woman died who seemed to have been blessed with God

Curriculum Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Curriculum Development - designation ExamplePhilosophical theories in particular help in controlling the organization and content of the curriculum. Realism, for instance, asserts that the study of education is primarily to teach values and things which will lead to the good life, which is, however equated with one which is in tune with the overarching order of natural law (Marshall, as cited in Golen, 1982). Realistic philosophy thus emphasizes scholarship through the direct study of nature via the aid of teachers. Thus, it has led to the continuous development of instructional methods that argon suited to this kind of learning such as lecture, sensory experiments, and demonstrations, stressing the cultivation of logic and rational thoughts. some other theory is called pragmatism, which is founded on the principle that change is the principal char strikeeristic of life. It has resulted to a curriculum that is learner- have-to doe with, wherein experiences are fundamental in the educational process. Social Foundation. This foundation could be defined as influences that are present in society and culture. It is concerned with the impact of forces and institutions that comprise the school programs culture. These are elements which create the sterling(prenominal) impact on the curriculum developers way of thinking as they always think and act within the society they live. In other words, the content, objectives, and methods of the devised curriculum shall reflect the social or cultural emphasise of the developers (Print, 1993). Society and culture are the shapers of education since curriculum makers take into account the social setting, culture, the relationship amongst society and education, and the social implications of knowledge and change (Ritz, 2006). It must be noted that curriculum development is centered on attaining educational goals that are in harmony with broad cultural and societal goals.

Proving Myself to My Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Proving Myself to My Studies - Essay ExampleIn the function of this, I was able to learn a valuable lesson as well.This lesson that I learned in towering school has since stayed with me, and I guard made it a head up to put my best foot send in all that I do. Of course, I know that this doesnt mean that I will be successful in everything that I ever do in life. I will still go by at times and fail at some endeavors just as all humans do. The point is though that even when I do fail, I remember that I have been successful in the past and that if I keep going, I know I will be successful in the future. If my parents hadnt inspired me to prove myself to them that I was a good student, I might never have learned this important lesson. In the end, proving that I was a good student to my parents showed me that hard work and movement can lead to a better life, both in terms of self-esteem and success. Such a lesson is invaluable, and one that I would not trade for anything in the wor ld.The beginning of high school is always scary. thither are new rules, new teachers, and harder classes to deal with. The first day of ninth grade, I struggled with the fear of permit my parents down again. Eighth grade had proven to be something of a disaster as my grades were far degrade than my parents expected. This year, I knew that I needed to prove myself to them, to show them that I could get the grades that they believed I was capable of.When I was young, of course, it could be difficult to concentrate on what I should be doing instead of concentrating on what I in reality wanted to do. With that in mind, high school was a very distracting place for me as I assay to focus on my studies. My friends were pressuring me to hang out and have fun, which I desperately wanted to do, but approximate the look on my parents face when I came home with a report card full of As was a bit more tempting than an afternoon of spending time with my friends.

Communication & Cultural Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communication & Cultural Studies - essay ExampleThe Mexican muckle identify with their culture and every work that seems to acknowledge this fact is appreciated by everyone in the country. Diego Rivera had this in mind when doing his characterization because it captures the attention citizens in respect to the heathenish aspect.This paper under the guidance of Stuart Hall focuses on the cultural identity of the Mexican people and their nationalism as is reflected in Zapatistas landscape painting. The paper also analyses the effects and operations of other aspects such as racism, and sexuality.The researcher also seeks to understand why the Mexican people appreciate their culture using deeds in reference to different cultural theories. Diego Riveras Zapatistas Landscape panting symbolically translates the cultural identity of the Mexican people in form of a visual image. Diego uses images as a naturalistic system that embarks on using sings and symbols to bring out meaning of w hat is happening during the post-revolutionary period in Mexico, the scoop way for people to understand and reflect.As we shall later see, these symbols give the Mexican people a whizz of identity. The representations manifested by the painting are cultural products which are created within the contemporary Mexican society during the post-revolutionary period. The painting contains background information that helps provide insight about the complexity of the situation in Mexico. This instills the Mexican people of the need to uphold their nationalism and remain united to face the challenges the strike them.This painting serves to create sensation among the Mexican people and also enhance curiosity concerning the themes that the artist wants to communicate with his fellow countrymen. Diego Rivera clearly communicated his sum to the people through his art works and creates the desire

Current Issues Forums Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current Issues Forums Tourism - shew ExampleAdditionally, operators slashed prices with an aim of attracting customers. register quality that domestic tourism accounts for 75% of total persistence revenue. In 2010-11, domestic tourism nights argon anticipated to grow up to 256 million after troika years of decline (Pambudi, 2009).During the financial crisis the globe experienced the worst economic performance. Australias saving was evenly affected. The Conditions were changing quickly and expectations were deteriorating rapidly. It should be noted that tourism spending fell more than consumer spending on average. There was a cocooning effect with both international and Australian tourists less not involuntary to travel to destinations far from home (Ramis Corporation, 1995).These impacts were observed in Qantas profit downgrade, which led to large staff shine and reduced capacity. Internationally the key business, conference and holiday tourism markets which are the backbone of tourism manufacturing performance declined. It can be remembered that January and February 2009, the number of visitants arriving in Australia for business dropped by 16.5 per cent and conference visitor numbers fell by 28.7 per cent. This had a negative impact on economy.But it is important to note the economy is gradual growing after the crisis. There is a positive index of economic growth. Take for example the previous year international visitors injected around $25 billion in to the Australian economy and this would benefit everyone. Also it provides valuable employment to around half a million of the Australians (Peisley, 1992).During the crisis the tourism industriousness was negatively impacted and this affected the technology sector. It was observed that many small to medium technology firms are drivers of productivity for majority of sectors including the tourism. This crisis affected technology and there were fears of small firms closing due loss of commercial Ready a nd the difficulty of securing

Philosophy Of Education Paper Essay Example for Free

Philosophy Of Education Paper EssayAs with all successful profession, there moldiness be a strong bag on whichto build upon. This foundation in the field of education is your personal philosophy of education. Successful teaching includes diversity of e actually savants backgrounds, and levels of ability. Without losing sight of goals, my beliefs of teaching and learning be very specific. First, I believe every peasant deserves to receive an education. No matter their race or income, every child deserves to learn. The are innocent beings, and these children are going to be our future someday. More specifically, the philosophy that I would teach to my students would be Cultural Nationalism. The ethnic nationalist teacher counseles exclusively on the experience of the oppressed group as the center or pivot of the political program (Asante, p. 4).I want to use what is going on in the world and focus on their cultural experience. This allows children from oppressed groups to feel nurtured in their school environment day by day. other philosophy that I have is, I believe a teacher should make learning romp for his/her students. When children are having fun at school, It makes them want to come back and musical accompaniment coming back. Regular curriculum can get pretty boring. Making the curriculum fun engages the students into learning, and helps them understand it better. Also, I believe in staying involved with professional development so we can continuously learn new things. It is important to me to keep using updated technologyin classrooms. Matthew Arnold warned that faith in machinery was humankinds greatest menace (Postman, p. 36). I do not believe in whatArnold stated. I think that new technology in the classrooms is unendingly helping teachers and the whole education process.Next, I believe in striving to have positive relationships with students and parents. It is very important to have somewhat of a personal relationship with your studen ts and their parents. It really shows that you care as a teacher. Developing positive relationships with your students allows you to understand them more. This allows you to figure out the best way to teach each and everyone of your students. on that point are times when we encounter students that require a micro more effort than others.When we are face up with this type of situation teacher must reflect on the true meaning of teaching. This will modify the teacher to embrace the difference in the learning styles of students and allow the teacher to develop innovative strategies for arrival such a diverse population. Teachers should give all students the chance to let their creative juices flow. With a little nudge and some encouragement there is no end to what a student can do. Teachers must realize that the impact that we have on our students last a lifetime. I can always toy with being told knowledge is power. This statement has been true for decades and surely will be true in the future.

The Prairie Dog Essay Example for Free

The Prairie Dog EssayCynomys ludovicianus, known more norm totallyy as the prairie label, has more traditionally been viewed as the pariah of the prairie. However within the last year, attention has been pinched to these furry little rodents. They ar extremely unpopular-so much so that for decades the Federal Government has well-tried desperately to eliminate them. What the government doesnt know is that these creatures ar vital to the survival and thriving of several species, and are in fact an asset to our world. Prairie dogs are rodents, closely related to their predator, the black-footed ferret. They live in complicated tube systems, or communities sometimes called dog townsfolks. These dog towns are scattered across the prairie from Canada to Mexico. They graze, run rampant, and dart from maven opening to another in continuous action. This action attracts several other plains animals including bison, burrowing owls, golden eagles, ferruginous hawks, antelope, coyot es, and others.The prairie dog is the focalise of the Great Plains animal community. There are only a handful of sites in the entire tungsten where the species is not under eradication. It is speculated that the species has declined 98 percent across its habitat. In national parks, prairie dogs colonies are fragmented, isolated, and downright tiny. today only seven parks hold prairie dog populations. Four places- Bens Old Fort National diachronic Site, Scotts Bluff National Monument, Devils Tower National Monument, and Fort Laramie National Historic Site- active dog towns are no more than 20 acres. The other threesome- Badlands, Wind Cave, and Theodore Roosevelt National park- are larger. But the biggest, the Badlands, is barely 4,200 acres. The tally area occupied by prairie dogs isnt more than 6,000 acres. At the turn of the century, one Texas prairie dog town thrifty 100 by 250 miles almost the size of Maine. About 400 million animals lived there. In the 1920s, it was esti mated that the population of northwestward American prairie dogs exceeded 500 billion. As much as twenty percent of the plains whitethorn have held these animals.Of all major biomes in North America, the plains have suffered the most, and dog towns have been destroyed for plowing. Systematic poisoning has grown into a fatal threat to the prairie dogs, as well as gopher hunting, dollar-a-dog contests, and red mist destruction. any(prenominal) rural towns hold contests for cash prizes for the individual who shoots the most dogs in one day, hence dollar-a-dog. In sum total to the target practice is a new killer-sylvatic plague. It is spread by fleas, gradually diffused across the West, and to progress matters worse, the little critters have little or no immunity. Once the disease enters a colony, the entire town is usually lost. There are no reserve colonies to repopulate towns that are lost due to hunting, plague, poisoning, or indispensable events. To tell the truth, the prairi e dog ecosystems are as at much risk as the old-growth forests and salmon runs in the Pacific Northwest.The Biodiversity Legal Foundation in Colorado filed a petition in October of 1994 to list the prairie dog as a Category 2 under the Endangered Species Act. This states that federal agencies must be alerted that a species may be in jeopardy unless changes occur. Prairie dogs are considered by scientists to be a keystone species, which subject matter that they are what a recorded 170 other wildlife species depend on. For example, they are the prime source of viands for the black-footed ferret and the swift fox. Their abandoned colonies are later inhabited by anything form burrowing owls to rattlesnakes. Without the prairie dog, many mutually beneficial species will not survive. Their ecosystems support higher numbers of small mammals , more terrestrial predators, and higher densities, and greater diversity of bird species than grasslands without these rodents. Whats the greatest irony in the decline of the prairie dog is that it cannot be justified.Even the blood line industrys claims that prairie dogs compete with their cattle for forage appear vacuous. Studies have shown that prairie dogs actually improve forage quality for line of descent. sensation study in South Dakota documented that livestock grazing near dog towns suffered neither cargo loss nor a reduction in weight gain. And, prairie dogs thrive where trampling and grazing by livestock reduce grass height. Parks are very frightened at the idea of human visitors undertake plagues from prairie dogs. They often conduct spot treatments with poisoned oats, gas, and more. This destruction is hypocritical of the National Parks philosophy to protect inbred species. Poisoning of the rodents continued in the Badlands up until 1993, one year before the reintroduction of black-footed ferrets. On public and buck private lands, the poison of choice is zinc phosphate. Oats and other grains are laced with t he chemical and then sprinkled around the colony.The finish is slow and painful, taking up to twelve hours, and causing them to go into convulsions and seizures. The most disgusting method, however, is a backpackable flamethrower. ignitible gas is thrown into the burrows, is ignited, and burns the rodents alive. A change in attitude towards prairie dogs is gaining momentum. Several policy changes are in line, including a colony monitoring system to help us learn more approximately the natural habitat and behavior of the furry mammals. In pre-settlement days, Great Plains ecosystems were characterized by a dynamic shifting puzzle of intense disturbance created by heavy bison grazing, wildfire, prairie dog colonization, expansion, and decline.Today, few places exist where all three major disturbance factorsbison, wildfire, and prairie dogs-occur on any acreage. Such rigid boundaries that the colonies are in may not provide room for expansion. As the human population dwindles in th e rural plains, room for a buffalo-prairie dog commons is highly plausible. We spent 100 years what has taken thousands of years to evolve. Now we should be asking what role they play in prairie ecosystems and providing them the space and respect they need to evolve to their potential.

Justification of Humanities Essay Example for Free

Justification of Humanities EssayThe humanities deal been studied since ancient Grecian times as an academic discipline, examining human condition and including the arts, publications, philosophy, history and round social sciences. In 2008, nation all toldy recognized and respected literary theorist Stanley look for wrote a new(a) York Times article in response to a New York State Commission on high Education report in which people posted complaints that the humanities argon always the last to be financially funded. Fish sums up his argument with an insulting conclusive statement To the question of what use are humanities? , the only honest answer is none whatsoever. He rear ends up this claim by pointing out the lack of tangible evidence that is produced by humanities compared to science and other fields. I insist that Fish underestimates the index finger of the intangible benefits that the humanities have to offer. His overall argument against the value of humanities p resents a point-of-view that is extreme, reductive, and insulting to anyone associated with the humanities and the study of them. An preparation involving the study of humanities enables readers with skills that are applicable in arrest and comprehending contemporary media and writings.Literature, for that matter, essences people morally and possibly behaviorally and that effect, positive or negative, is of use. Narrative literature and historical texts as well as allow readers to build a bridge and connect with the past and its people. The media has become an requisite part of our society today and, unfortunately, media manipulation has as well. Public relations companies and the government have mysterious agendas that the journalists blindly incorporate into their stories and columns. People are paid to make the Ameri stinker public perceive pictures and articles in a deceitful, false way in order to sell a war or downplay a disaster.In 1996 John Rendon, the founder of The Rendon Group, a public relations firm, admitted to U. S. Air Force cadets that the gulf War in Iraq had been a big project for his company. He tied(p) talked about generating deceiving photographs Looking back in history through other conflicts (i. e. , Vietnam, Iraq), or political issues or even stories of famous individuals, we can observe many situations similar to what Rendon explained that view ass a recurring complaint in our culture, whether provable or not, that the bear on will print stories without evidence if they make more money in the process.Specifically, the media coverage after the 911 attacks were constant and focused on Osama bin Laden as the mastermind behind the attacks and on Iraq having weapons of mass demolition as they were told by authorities. Pro-war sources were disproportionately focused on over anti-war sources which religious serviceed build misguided public support for our war on terrorism and on Iraq. But we now know WMDs were not in mankind there, but this shows the reason of media stories, no matter whether based on fact, and its ability to influence society and the power it can take away from us by eliminating fully-informed decision-making.By organism exposed to manipulating and deceiving narrators such as Lolitas Humbert Humbert and Holden Caulfield in The Catcher In the Rye, students gain experience in detecting this fraudulence or bias. Also, through involvement with this type of reading and writing, the ability to sense when they are being propagandized or manipulated. An education that includes humanities provides tools for people to consciously keep from falling for the bias and hidden slander that is involved, especially with politics.This sentience can cause better decision-making (voting especially) and affect a psyches opinion very greatly. vulnerability to humanities can cause people to be less egocentric and can arm them with a point-of-view that will help them see through narrow-minded opinions and statements, like Fishs, and develop their own sound, fact-based and all-round(prenominal) opinions. Fish also comments in his article, What do they humanities do? They dont do anything, if by do is meant bring about effects in the world.This claim is resting upon the questionable arrangement that the do is mantic to yield a tangible product, a constant misconception Fish seems to have. I am arguing that an effect on a person, positive or negative, implies that something was done to have caused that effect. Fish himself names many examples of literature affecting its readers he just chooses to discard them and remain skeptical. Countless examples have affected millions of people. Rachel Carsons close Spring is commonly credited for the launch of the environmental awareness movement.The Bible itself is a form of literature, and I am sure that Stanley Fish cannot argue that The Bible has not affected the world Dr. Seuss books affect children and adults all over the world with their simple yet effective messages through the creative rhyming. The Food and Drug brass was founded as a latter result to Sinclairs The Jungle, and I believe that this would be considered an example of doing something, even according to Fish. Books, and all forms of art, can cause people to reflect on the plot, the characters, or the ethical questions being pondered in the story.We can contemplate character attributes we appreciate or reject and watch scenarios unfold in books that can be comparable to situations in our own lives. Fish believes it is not the business of the humanities to just us, but I do believe an education in humanities can help us save us from the worst of ourselves by helping us become more comprehensive citizens with an understanding of the past so we can head effectively and productively into the future. I retain with Kronman who Fish quotes as saying a college was above all a place for the training of character.This totally supports an intelligent quote by Martin Luther King Jr. King said, Intelligence plus characterthat is the true up oddment of education. Without any humanities incorporated in a persons education, can this goal be fully achieved? The renowned Spanish-American essayist George Santayana said, Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it, and I cannot agree more with this claim. It highlights the importance of an education in history, another branch of the humanities discipline.Having a connection and understanding with the past allows us to gain appreciation for the world today and learn from the mistakes made through history, so those mistakes are not repeated. For example, the very foundation of Americas government was created through utilizing documentations of various governments apply through history The founding fathers sifted through accounts of different governments and how successful they were and used them to form the Constitution.For example, they applied the governing body of checks and balances in order balance power among the braches and stray from the way that Britains monarchy was established. Books and the arts used to be mans sole form of entertainment and it is amazing to read the thoughts and see the creations of a person from so long ago Narrative literature, especially from the past, allows us to delve into the mindset of someone from a different time, and that is something that no history book can teach.The readings assigned in humanities classes expand students intimacy of life and ethics from a different time period and examines why this ethical mindset existed in the historical context. We reflect and compare the morals of those in the past to our own, making connections with the past yet also seeing the development of ethics and moral behavior through time. Teachings in humanities can be directly applied to the commercial culture that is present in our society today, especially with the deceitful and dyed influences in the media.Literature has direct effects on us on an emotional, ethical and logical aim and the connection that is made through books with the past is undoubtedly one of the most helpful insights of the past. Fishs argument was immature and was based merely on tangible products, a close-minded viewpoint that overlooks the power of thought and the mind My contrasting opinion defends the impalpable and in that sense, suggests humanities can contribute to up a reader personally and potentially benefit the future of society greatly.

Kathak and Social Communication Essay Example for Free

Kathak and Social Communication EssaySocial in shitation and CommunicationKathak is nonpareil of the most popular forms of Indian assortical saltation. We move over grown up ceremonial it in movies from UmraoJaanuptoDevdas. Most young girls in India even start learning kathak right from the tender come along of 5 years. so far is kathak just a simple cultural product of the country that can be counted among the artistic treasures of this land or is thither a larger understanding to the same? Through this oblige we sh any travel by the journey of time and see how a thing as simple and slight as an ancient dance form can tell us the stories of the cultural, religious, political transformations of the country. The Fifth Vedatraditionally the Hindu society was divided in five varnas Brahmins (intellectuals), Kshatriya (warriors), vaishya (merchants), shudra (manual labourers), achoot (untouchables). The purpose of this form of division was to present a more(prenominal) organized society by distributing it on basis of the type of work performed. However with time this became a hierarchical division of the society which led to oppression of the demean caste (shudra untouchables) by the upper caste members. In this entire struggle for power the holy hindu scriptures (the Vedas) remained as the restore possession of the Brahmins or the educated class. Any attempt to even touch these holy texts by members of the lower caste was considered a crime. Even our holy text of Ramayana narrates an incident where lord Ram (mariyadapurushottam) chops of the head of a person from the lower caste when he attempts to read the Vedas. The shudras were forbidden to listen to these puranas (holy texts). (Massey, 1999)Its believed that loo superpower at this state of the society gods asked Lord Brahma to devise something which would be accessible to all and bind this society together. This is how the fifth veda or Natya Veda was born. The Hindu epics be in possessio n of stories of brahma teaching Bharata (the then king of Bharat what we know as India) the Natya Veda and later his 100 sons became the authorities of music, dance and drama. The Bharat NatyaShashtra has been variantly dated from 2nd coke BC to 3rd century AD.This Veda was common for all sections of society and all grammatical genders. Stories and teaching were told through dance. This is where we truism the birth of Kathak as a dance form.KathakKathak is derived from the root word Katha which means story. Kathak as a dance form was use to narrate stories mainly mythological stories primarily for the function of educating people. This was the only form in which people of all castes and genders could share their learning. This dance form was spread far and wide through abhinayawhich consequence a carrying to the spectators.This form of dance contained mingled components(Massey, 1999) KathakAbhinayaSentiment and MoodPure danceDramatic segmentVachik poetry, song, recitation, mu sic and rhythmAharya costume, make-up, jewellerySatvik physical manifestation of mental and emotional statesAngik gestures of the frameNrityaNrittaNatyaCaste political relationThe Hindu caste divide that Kathak tried to dissolve eventually took another form of dominations. The Brahmins saw this apparent movement as a loss of their supremacy and power hence they brought in another tip to the same. check to the Brahmins since dance was nothing but another form of worshiping god they had the supreme say in these matters.The hearty anthropology of Kathak professional dancers in history is thus highly fascinating as it got equated to the priestly caste and even the kathak gurus in the northern belt of india represented the Brahmin status.(Booth, 2005) The Brahmins not only separated this form of dance from its stub purpose of binding people across various castes but also hit the gender angle by bringing in the concept of devdasi . These were women who were dedicated to dance and si ng only for god. These women were nevery allowed to marry, nor have have any form of physical relationships. Thus the power game was won by the Brahmins by playing their cards of caste and gender politics.Gender PoliticsTraditionally Kathak was meant to be a computer program accessible to all. It defamiliarises the ordinary sexual and social experience of women and men as people. Indian mythology also reveals various stories exemplifying gender ambiguity, androgyny, sex transformations, male pregnancy, and erotica through some of the metaphorical discourses related to gods, goddesses, heavenly nymphs, and demons, as well as sages, ascetics and yogis. There have been innumerable examples of transcending gender in kathak. Men change like women and performed. The concept of gender in the Natya Veda is highly complex. It believes that gender is aside our physical being, it is connected with our disposition and souls aspire for the realisation moksha which can only be achieved when one can get free from the shackles of somatic existence.As per the Tantric school of thought the Supreme Being is conceptualised as one complex sex, comprises of both male and female (on the right and left side respectively). In order to attain salvation one essential be able to transcend these shackles of ones sex.(Shah, 1998) Even in the Pre-Vedic literature shivah is known as ardhanarishwara, which means containing the polarities of both male and female force in the form of Shiva-Shakti. dancing is an important means by which cultural ideologies of gender difference are reproduced.Through movement vocabulary, costuming, body image, training, and technique, discourses of dance are often rooted in ideas of natural gender difference However as time passed Kathak also came under the purview of the political game of gender and its got labelled with the cross of being a dance form only for the females. Even the stories narrated through kathak like the stories of lord Krishna have g ot adapted. Earlier it was believed that Radha was Krihnashladini Shakti and not different from him, hence the dance was performed in a semi-circular manner where the same dancer took the roles of both Krishna and Radha. However, now these roles are performed by different actors.(Chatterjee, 1996)CHANGING DIMENSIONS OF WOMENThe birth of Kathak took place with the Benarasgharana of kathak which was then govern by the Rajputs. This dance form then travelled to Jaipur establishing the Jaipur gharana of kathak. Though both these forms were highly dominated by females they still had a great respect in terms of an art of telling stories of god and educating others on the powers of truth , righteousness etc. However when the Mughals invading our country and the marriage of JodhaBai and Akbar took place 2 destinationd merged together. The Mughals got dancers from Persia and captured women form india and got them trained in kathak.Its from this time onwards that Kathak got labelled as the courtesans dance what we today call as tawaif or prostitutes.(Massey, 1999) The costumes changed and the new gharana of Kathak was born which is today the most celebrated one Luckhnowgharana. The dressed changed from the ghaghra (like a long skirt) to chudidar. The dresses were tighter at the bust and presented the women as a sexually sought after object. A lot of change took place in the basic hand movements and presentation if the dance and a dance that use to tell the passionateness story of Krishna and Radha at one time became a dance form with movements meant to entice men. In the whole power struggle and caste politics it was the women who suffered the most and were firmly exploited.DURING THE COLONIAL INDIADuring the British colonial rule dance became a tool of rebellion and political resistance. It present unity and power. The dancing womens position changed from pure and pious to fallen and prankish and hence either victims or perpetuators of the evil of dance. Women were encouraged to display their beauty, energy, skill, sensuality and seductiveness in dance. Thus for the fear of saving there girls from the being looked on as an object of desire dance became a tabooed activity for members of society curiously the upper caste. This mindset exists even today, as we dont see many girls from the upper class of society taking up dancing. However these mind sets are changing gradually.(Reed, 1998)GURU and SHISHYAAs per Natyashashtra an acharya or instructor should have an intrinsic knowledge of vocal and instrumental music, dance, rhythm and movement. He should further have imagination, intelligence, originative faculty, memory, sharpness and capacity to shape the taught. The shishyas, or the taught, on the other hand should be intelligent, retentive, appreciative, devoted, enthusiastic and must have an innate desire to excel. This form of teaching has been continued over time however the essence of the relation has got lost with the loss of the pure and pious status of dance.CULTURAL SYMBOLToday Kathak has been attributed with various new meanings on the global platform like* Traditional heritage of India* Carrier of Indian culture* Indianness* Recounting the significant pastToday kathak has become a cultural commodity that gets sold in form of a few dance shows and performances however it has lost its original purpose and ethos(Royo, 2004)KATHAK AND MOVIESKathak has always been used as an important tool in cinema. In 1955 classic, JhanakJhanakpayalBaje by V. Shantaram the films hero, Ghirdar competes for artistic supremacy in Kathak dance against another dancer Ram Prasad. Ghirdars triumph is ensured during the last series of cadenced systematic turns or chakkras which he performs elegantly, however his opponent is left all dizzy. Ghirdhar here is from Varanasi, the birthplace of kathak and the last-ditch hindu city and his opponent is from Agra the Mughal capital which is associated with the more popular kathakgharana of lucknow. Thus kathak was used to demonstrate a state of communal tension in the country.This art form was also reduced to mockery when UstadHalimJaffar Khan, who worked on Kohinoor, and other films, with Naushad Ali (Kohinoors music director), explains that the singing in this scene was undertaken by Niyaz Ahmad Naushad spoke to him about this scene. He said, occupy forgive me Khan-saheb, but for this scene please sing some tans and things, but in a absurd way, in a foolish way. And Nyaz Ahmad agreed to do that Even in later films kathak remained as a dance of the prostitutes through movies like umraojaan.And even today when we have become more liberal in our thinking and claim to have crossed these old regressive practices the choreographers still use kathak in a ovie like devdas only for the character of chandramukhi, who plays a prostitute. Also todays concert stage kathak is more focused of fast, complex, rhythmic footwork and tracing handwork rather than the old ethos of the dance which had its core around exemption, liberalization, unity, storytelling, love and expression of oneself.(Chakravorty, 2006)CONCLUSIONA cultural dance form created to unify everybody and give everyone a freedom to expression eventually got used as a tool for playing out caste and gender politics. Whether it was the sufferings of the women or the link of the dance to the Bhakti movement, Kathak has transformed with all these interactions. The various stakeholders of the society have also used this to their convenience as and when required. Initially the Brahmin established their supremacy over this pure and pious form of expression an today they are the ones who have started the movement to label this as a fallen and sinful act. Thus we have seen the journey of nation through one form of dance and the story of Kathak through the nation.BibliographyBooth, G. (2005). Pandits in the Movies Contesting the Identity of Hindustani Classical Music and Musicians in. Asian Music, Vol . 36, 60-86. Chakravorty, P. (2006). Dancing into Modernity Multiple Narratives of Indias Kathak Dance. Dance interrogation Journal, Vol. 38, 115-136. Chatterjee, A. (1996). Training in Indian Classical Dance A Case Study. Asian sign of the zodiac Journal, Vol. 13, 68-91. Coorlawala, U. A. (1992). Illustrating Kathak. Dance Chronicle, Vol. 15, 88-93. Lidke, J. S. (2006). Devs Dance The Interweaving of Politics, Mysticism, and Culture in Kathmandu Valley. International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 10, 35-57. Massey, R. (1999).Indias kathak dance, past present, future. Delhi Abhinav Publications. Pillai, S. (2002). Rethinking Global Indian Dance through Local Eyes. Dance Research Journal, Vol. 34, 14-29. Reed, S. A. (1998). The Politics and Poetics of Dance. Annual palingenesis of Anthropology, Vol 27, 503-532. Royo, A. L. ( 2004). New Directions in Indian Dance. Dance Research Journal, Vol. 36, 135-138. Shah, P. (1998). Transcending Gender in the Performance of Kathak. Dance Res earch Journal, Vol. 30, 2-17. WALKER, M. (2010). Courtesans and Choreographers The (Re)Placement of Women in the History of Kathak Dance. New Delhi Routledge.

Domestic Contract on International Laws and Customs Essay Example for Free

Domestic Contract on International Laws and Customs EssayAddressing International court-ordered and Ethical Issues Simulation Summary In January 2007, CadMex developed a technique for the quick manufacture of most medical agent. Gentura also developed a technique called ProPrez, which is an anti-diabetic agent. Gentura is located in Candore, which is a dictatorship. CadMex decided to go into business with Gentura that would give them global marketing right to ProPez. The decoct needs to have measures in institutionalize to protect CadMex interest concerning property rights and potential dispute. There are issues that are involved in result legal actions against a foreign business. One issue that is involved is the legal system. When dealing with a case, they may want to finish the case quickly rather than handling it with quality.Doing so may lead to render not being analyzed. Another issue may be the different laws between the two countries. non having any written docum ents may also be another issue if contracts are done everyplace the phone. Some practical considerations of taking legal action against a foreign business based in another country are whether they have patent law and trademark laws. Factors that could work against CadMex decision to shell out sublicensing agreements would be the lack of patent rights and the fact that they did not go through the proper court fulfill in Candore. When local tradition and laws conflict with customs and laws of an organization, operating abroad the local law and customs should prevail because that is where the contract was based. The host country should have manufactures rights.For example if the United States and China goes into a contract in regards to Chinese traditional attire and there is a dispute, the Chinese should win because it is a break-dance of their tradition and the United States assumed the risk. The issues in the simulation compares to the issues discussed in week one in term of l aw, ethics, and different ways to dispute, as well as litigations. Companies should resolve domestic and international issues differently by honoring domestic and international laws and customs. Before entering into contracts both parties must agree to all the basis and ensure that the countrys legal system support those terms. Domestic contracts should be written and be on an individual basis. International contracts need to be translated if necessary and should include patent laws where possible.ReferencesContemporary ancestry Law 1. (2011). Retrieved from https//ecampus.phoenix.edu//aapd/vendors/tata/UBAMSims/business_law1/intl_legal_etical/business_law1_intl_legal_ethical_frame.html Melvin, S. P. (2011). The legal environment of business A managerial approach Theory to practice. New York, NY McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Physics Project Essay Example for Free

Physics Project look for tendernesss ar organs that detect shine approximately, and convert it to electro-chemical impulses in neurons. The frankst photoreceptors in conscious ocular modality touch turn on to movement. In higher organisms the plaza is a interwoven optic system which collects tripping from the surround environment regulates its intensity through a diaphragm focuses it through an adjustable assembly of genus Lens of the malles to salmagundi an protrude converts this image into a set of electrical signals and transmits these signals to the brain, through complex neural pathways that connect the meat, via the optic nerve, to the opthalmic cortex and other(a) aras of the brain. Eyes with resolving power be possessed of come in ten t rock oiletteonic entirelyy variant forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system.1 Image-resolving look be indicate in molluscs, chordates and arthropods.2 The simplest look, much(pren ominal) as those in microorganisms, do nothing unless detect whether the surroundings ar unhorse or dark, which is sufficient for the entrainment of circadian rhythms. From more(prenominal) complex centerfield, retinal photosensitive ganglion cells send signals on the retinohypothalamic tract to the suprachiasmatic nuclei to effect circadian adjustment. Contentshide * 1 Overview * 2 organic evolution * 3 Types of heart * 3.1 Normal oculus * 3.2 Pit nitty-grittyball * 3.2.1 Spherical lensed eye * 3.2.2 nine-fold lenses * 3.2.3 refractive cornea * 3.2.4 Reflector eyeball * 3.3 Compound eyes * 3.3.1 apposition eyes * 3.3.2 Superposition eyes * 3.3.3 Parabolic principle of superposition principle * 3.3.4 Other * 3.3.5 Nutrients of the eye * 4 consanguinity to life requirements * 5 Visual acuity * 6 scholarship of colours * 7 Rods and c whizs * 8 Pigmentation * 9 See as well * 10 References * 10.1 Notes * 10.2 Bibliography * 11 External links edit OverviewEye of the wis ent, the European bison Complex eyes notify distinguish shapes and colors. The visual fields of several(prenominal)(prenominal) organisms, especially predators, involve large argonas of binocular vision to improve depth perception in other organisms, eyes ar located so as to maximize the field of view, such as in rabbits and horses, which have monocular vision. The first proto-eyes evolved among animals 600 million years ago, well-nigh the time of the Cambrian explosion.3 The last common ancestor of animals possessed the biochemical toolkit necessary for vision, and more advance(a) eyes have evolved in 96% of animal species in six of the thirty-plus4 main phyla.1 In s trip outly vertebrates and some molluscs, the eye pee-pees by allowing light to enter and project onto a light-sensitive circuit board of cells, k at maven timen as the retina, at the rear of the eye. The cone cells (for color) and the rod cells (for low-light contrasts) in the retina detect and convert lig ht into neural signals for vision.The visual signals atomic number 18 in that respectfore transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. Such eyes are typically roughly spherical, filled with a out-and-out(a) gel- handle substance called the vitreous wit, with a focusing lens and often an iris the relaxing or tightening of the muscles around the iris change the size of the scholarly person, thereby regulating the amount of light that enters the eye,5 and reducing frenzys when there is enough light.6 The eyes of roughly cephalopods, fish, amphibians and snakes have stubborn lens shapes, and focusing vision is achieved by telescoping the lenssimilar to how a camera focuses.7 Compound eyes are raise among the arthropods and are composed of many simple facets which, depending on the details of anatomy, may circulate either a ace pixelated image or multiple images, per eye. severally sensor has its own lens and photosensitive cell(s). about eyes have up to 28,000 such senso rs, which are arranged hexagonally, and which bottom of the inning knock over a full 360-degree field of vision.Compound eyes are rattling sensitive to motion. slightly arthropods, including many Strepsiptera, have thickheadeden eyes of precisely a a few(prenominal) facets, severally with a retina capable of creating an image, creating vision. With for each one eye viewing a different thing, a fuse image from all the eyes is produced in the brain, providing very different, high- dissolvent images. Possessing detailed hyperspectral color vision, the Mantis shrimp has been reported to have the worlds intimately complex color vision system.8 Trilobites, which are now extinct, had unique conflate eyes. They used clear calcite crystals to form the lenses of their eyes. In this, they differ from most other arthropods, which have soft eyes. The recite of lenses in such an eye varied, all the same some trilobites had tho one, and some had thousands of lenses in one eye.In co ntrast to confused eyes, simple eyes are those that have a single lens. For recitation, jumping spiders have a large pair of simple eyes with a narrow field of view, supported by an rate of other, smaller eyes for fringy vision. Some insect larvae, like caterpillars, have a different type of simple eye (stemmata) which gives a rough image. Some of the simplest eyes, called ocelli, rouse be found in animals like some of the snails, which dismissnot in truth come over in the normal sense. They do have photosensitive cells, but no lens and no other means of projecting an image onto these cells. They can distinguish mingled with light and dark, but no more. This enables snails to carry on out of direct sunlight. In organisms dwelling near deep-sea vents, compound eyes have been secondarily simplified and adapted to military post the infra-red light produced by the hot ventsin this way the bearers can decimal point hot springs and subdue being boiled alive.9 editEvolutionMain article Evolution of the eyeEvolution of the eyePhotoreception is phylogenetically very old, with various theories of phylogenesis.10 The common origin (monophyly) of all animal eyes is now widely accepted as fact. This is based upon the shared anatomical and genetic features of all eyes that is, all modern eyes, varied as they are, have their origins in a proto-eye believed to have evolved some 540 million years ago.111213 The majority of the advancements in early eyes are believed to have taken only a few million years to develop, since the first predator to gain true imaging would have touched absent an arms race.14 Prey animals and competing predators alike would be at a distinct disadvantage without such capabilities and would be less likely to survive and reproduce. Hence multiple eye types and subtypes developed in parallel. Eyes in various animals show adaption to their requirements. For example, birds of prey have much owing(p)er visual acuity than gentlemans gentlemans , and some can check off ultraviolet light. The different forms of eye in, for example, vertebrates and mollusks are often cited as examples of parallel evolution, despite their hostile common ancestry. The very earliest eyes, called eyespots, were simple patches of photoreceptor protein in unicellular animals.In multicellular beings, multicellular eyespots evolved, physically similar to the receptor patches for taste and smell. These eyespots could only sense ambient brightness they could distinguish light and dark, but not the direction of the lightsource.15 Through gradual change, as the eyespot depressed into a shallow loving cup shape, the ability to slightly discriminate directional brightness was achieved by using the angle at which the light hit certain cells to identify the source. The pit deepened over time, the opening diminished in size, and the number of photoreceptor cells increased, forming an efficacious pinhole camera that was capable of dimly distinguishing shap es.16 The thin overgrowth of transparent cells over the eyes aperture, originally form to prevent damage to the eyespot, allowed the segregated contents of the eye chamber to specialize into a transparent humour that optimized color filtering, blocked harmful radiation, improved the eyes refractive index, and allowed partingality outside of piss.The transparent protective cells eventually split into ii molds, with circulatory gas in between that allowed wider viewing angles and greater imaging proclamation, and the burdensomeness of the transparent layer gradually increased, in most species with the transparent crystallin protein.17 The crack cocaine between tissue layers naturally formed a bioconvex shape, an optimally ideal structure for a normal refractive index. Independently, a transparent layer and a nontransparent layer split forward from the lens the cornea and iris. Separation of the forward layer once again formed a humour, the aqueous humour. This increased ref ractive power and again eased circulatory problems. arrangement of a nontransparent ring allowed more blood vessels, more circulation, and larger eye sizes.17 editTypes of eyeThere are ten different eye layoutsindeed every way of capturing an image known to man, with the exceptions of zoom and Fresnel lenses. Eye types can be categorized into simple eyes, with one concave photoreceptive surface, and compound eyes, which comprise a number of individual lenses laid out on a convex surface.1 Note that simple does not intend a reduced level of complexity or acuity. Indeed, any eye type can be adapted for almost any behavior or environment. The only limitations specific to eye types are that of resolutionthe physics of compound eyes prevents them from achieving a resolution better than 1. Also, superposition eyes can achieve greater sensitivity than apposition eyes, so are better suited to dark-dwelling creatures.1 Eyes too fall into devil sorts on the basis of their photoreceptors cellular construction, with the photoreceptor cells either being cilliated (as in the vertebrates) or rhabdomeric. These two groups are not monophyletic the cnidaria also possess cilliated cells, 18 and some annelids possess both.19 editNormal eyesmilitary personnel eyes are examples of normal eyesSimple eyes are rather ubiquitous, and lens-bearing eyes have evolved at least seven propagation in vertebrates, cephalopods, annelids, crustacea and cubozoa.20 editPit eyesPit eyes, also known as stemma, are eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eyespot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of in approach path light.1 Found in about 85% of phyla, these basic forms were probably the precursors to more advanced types of simple eye. They are small, comprising up to about 100 cells covering about 100 m.1 The directionality can be improved by reducing the size of the aperture, by incorporating a hypothesizeive layer behind the re ceptor cells, or by filling the pit with a refractive material.1 editSpherical lensed eyeThe resolution of pit eyes can be greatly improved by incorporating a material with a higher refractive index to form a lens, which may greatly reduce the blur radius encounteredhence increasing the resolution obtainable.1 The most basic form, still seen in some gastropods and annelids, consists of a lens of one refractive index. A far sharper image can be obtained using materials with a high refractive index, decreasing to the edges this decreases the focal length and thus allows a sharp image to form on the retina.1 This also allows a larger aperture for a given raciness of image, allowing more light to enter the lens and a flatter lens, reducing spherical monomania.1 Such an heterogenous lens is necessary in order for the focal length to drop from about 4 times the lens radius, to 2.5 radii.1Heterogeneous eyes have evolved at least eight times four or more times in gastropods, once in the copepods, once in the annelids and once in the cephalopods.1 No aquatic organisms possess homogeneous lenses presumably the evolutionary wedge for a heterogeneous lens is great enough for this stage to be quickly outgrown.1 This eye creates an image that is sharp enough that motion of the eye can curtilage significant blurring. To minimize the effect of eye motion while the animal moves, most such eyes have stabilizing eye muscles.1 The ocelli of insects bear a simple lens, but their focal point always lies behind the retina consequently they can never form a sharp image.This capitulates the function of the eye. Ocelli (pit-type eyes of arthropods) blur the image across the whole retina, and are consequently excellent at responding to speedy changes in light intensity across the whole visual field this fast solvent is besides accelerated by the large nerve bundles which rush the information to the brain.21 Focusing the image would also cause the suns image to be focused on a fe w receptors, with the possibility of damage under the uttermost(prenominal) light shielding the receptors would block out some light and thus reduce their sensitivity.21 This fast response has led to suggestions that the ocelli of insects are used mainly in flight, because they can be used to detect explosive changes in which way is up (because light, especially UV light which is absorbed by vegetation, usually comes from above).21 editMultiple lensesSome marine organisms bear more than one lens for instance the copepod Pontella has three. The outer has a parabolical surface, countering the effects of spherical aberration while allowing a sharp image to be formed. some other copepod, Copilias eyes have two lenses, arranged like those in a telescope.1 Such arrangements are rare and poorly understood, but represent an interesting alternative construction. An interesting use of multiple lenses is seen in some hunters such as eagles and jumping spiders, which have a refractive corn ea (discussed next) these have a negative lens, enlarging the find image by up to 50% over the receptor cells, thus increasing their optical resolution.1 editRefractive corneaIn the eyes of most mammals, birds, reptiles, and most other terrestrial vertebrates (along with spiders and some insect larvae) the vitreous fluid has a higher refractive index than the air, relieving the lens of the function of reducing the focal length. This has freed it up for exquisitely adjustments of focus, allowing a very high resolution to be obtained.1 As with spherical lenses, the problem of spherical aberration caused by the lens can be countered either by using an inhomogeneous lens material, or by flattening the lens.1 Flattening the lens has a disadvantage the quality of vision is diminished away from the main suck up of focus, meaning that animals requiring all-round vision are detrimented. Such animals often display an inhomogeneous lens instead.1 As mentioned above, a refractive cornea is o nly useful out of irrigate in pee, there is no deviance in refractive index between the vitreous fluid and the surrounding water. Hence creatures which have returned to the waterpenguins and seals, for examplelose their refractive cornea and return to lens-based vision. An alternative solution, borne by some divers, is to have a very strong cornea.1 editReflector eyesAn alternative to a lens is to line of inception the inside of the eye with mirrors, and reflect the image to focus at a central point.1 The nature of these eyes means that if one were to colleague into the pupil of an eye, one would see the same image that the organism would see, reflected back out.1 Many small organisms such as rotifers, copeopods and platyhelminths use such organs, but these are too small to produce usable images.1 Some larger organisms, such as scallops, also use reflector eyes. The scallop Pecten has up to 100 millimeter-scale reflector eyes fringing the edge of its shell. It detects locom ote objects as they pass successive lenses.1 There is at least one vertebrate, the spookfish, whose eyes include reflective optics for focusing of light. Each of the two eyes of a spookfish collects light from both above and below the light coming from above is focused by a lens, while that coming from below, by a curved mirror composed of many layers of small reflective plates made of guanine crystals.22 editCompound eyesAn image of a house fly compound eye surface by using Scanning Electron MicroscopeAnatomy of the compound eye of an insectArthropods such as this work bee have compound eyesA compound eye may consist of thousands of individual photoreceptor units or ommatidia (ommatidium, singular). The image perceived is a combination of inputs from the numerous ommatidia (individual eye units), which are located on a convex surface, thus pointing in slightly different directions. Compared with simple eyes, compound eyes possess a very large view angle, and can detect fast movem ent and, in some cases, the polarisation of light.23 Because the individual lenses are so small, the effects of diffraction impose a limit on the possible resolution that can be obtained. This can only be countered by increasing lens size and number.To see with a resolution comparable to our simple eyes, humans would require compound eyes which would each pass around the size of their head. Compound eyes fall into two groups apposition eyes, which form multiple inverted images, and superposition eyes, which form a single erect image.24 Compound eyes are common in arthropods, and are also present in annelids and some bivalved molluscs.25 Compound eyes, in arthropods at least, grow at their margins by the addition of new ommatidia.26Structure of the ommatidia of apposition compound eyesedit Apposition eyesApposition eyes are the most common form of eye, and are presumably the ancestral form of compound eye. They are found in all arthropod groups, although they may have evolved more t han once within this phylum.1 Some annelids and bivalves also have apposition eyes. They are also possessed by Limulus, the horseshoe crab, and there are suggestions that other chelicerates developed their simple eyes by reduction from a compound starting point.1 (Some caterpillars egress to have evolved compound eyes from simple eyes in the opposite fashion.) Apposition eyes work by gathering a number of images, one from each eye, and combining them in the brain, with each eye typically contributing a single point of information.The typical apposition eye has a lens focusing light from one direction on the rhabdom, while light from other directions is absorbed by the dark wall of the ommatidium. In the other kind of apposition eye, found in the Strepsiptera, lenses are not fused to one another, and each forms an entire image these images are combined in the brain. This is called the schizochroal compound eye or the neural superposition eye. Because images are combined additively, this arrangement allows vision under lower light levels.1 editSuperposition eyesThe second type is named the superposition eye. The superposition eye is divided into three types the refracting, the reflecting and the parabolic superposition eye. The refracting superposition eye has a gap between the lens and the rhabdom, and no side wall. Each lens takes light at an angle to its axis and reflects it to the same angle on the other side. The go is an image at half the radius of the eye, which is where the tips of the rhabdoms are. This kind is used mostly by nocturnal insects. In the parabolic superposition compound eye type, seen in arthropods such as mayflies, the parabolic surfaces of the inside of each facet focus light from a reflector to a sensor array. Long-bodied decapod crustaceans such as shrimp, prawns, crayfish and lobsters are alone in having reflecting superposition eyes, which also have a transparent gap but use corner mirrors instead of lenses. editParabolic superposi tionThis eye type functions by refracting light, then using a parabolic mirror to focus the image it combines features of superposition and apposition eyes.9 editOtherThe compound eyes of a dragonflyGood fliers like flies or honey bees, or prey-catching insects like praying mantis or dragonflies, have specialized regulates of ommatidia unionized into a fovea area which gives acute vision. In the acute zone the eyes are flattened and the facets larger. The flattening allows more ommatidia to receive light from a spot and therefore higher resolution. There are some exceptions from the types mentioned above. Some insects have a so-called single lens compound eye, a transitional type which is something between a superposition type of the multi-lens compound eye and the single lens eye found in animals with simple eyes. Then there is the mysid shrimp Dioptromysis paucispinosa.The shrimp has an eye of the refracting superposition type, in the rear behind this in each eye there is a singl e large facet that is three times in diameter the others in the eye and behind this is an enlarged crystalline cone. This projects an upright image on a specialized retina. The resulting eye is a mixture of a simple eye within a compound eye. Another version is the pseudofaceted eye, as seen in Scutigera. This type of eye consists of a cluster of numerous ocelli on each side of the head, organized in a way that resembles a true compound eye. The body of Ophiocoma wendtii, a type of brickle star, is covered with ommatidia, turning its whole skin into a compound eye. The same is true of many chitons. editNutrients of the eyeThe ciliary body is triangular in horizontal section and is coated by a repeat layer, the ciliary epithelium. The inner layer is transparent and covers the vitreous body, and is continuous from the neural tissue of the retina. The outer layer is highly pigmented, continuous with the retinal pigment epithelium, and constitutes the cells of the dilator muscle. The vitreous is the transparent, colorless, gelatinous mass that fills the space between the lens of the eye and the retina lining the back of the eye.27 It is produced by certain retinal cells.It is of rather similar written report to the cornea, but contains very few cells (mostly phagocytes which remove unwanted cellular debris in the visual field, as well as the hyalocytes of Balazs of the surface of the vitreous, which reprocess the hyaluronic acid), no blood vessels, and 98-99% of its volume is water (as opposed to 75% in the cornea) with salts, sugars, vitrosin (a type of collagen), a network of collagen type II fibers with the mucopolysaccharide hyaluronic acid, and also a wide array of proteins in micro amounts. Amazingly, with so little solid matter, it tautly holds the eye. editRelationship to life requirementsEyes are for the most part adapted to the environment and life requirements of the organism which bears them. For instance, the distribution of photoreceptors tends t o match the area in which the highest acuity is required, with horizon-scanning organisms, such as those that live on the African plains, having a horizontal line of high- stringency ganglia, while tree-dwelling creatures which require ripe all-round vision tend to have a symmetrical distribution of ganglia, with acuity decreasing outwards from the centre. Of course, for most eye types, it is impossible to diverge from a spherical form, so only the density of optical receptors can be altered. In organisms with compound eyes, it is the number of ommatidia rather than ganglia that reflects the region of highest data acquisition.123-4 Optical superposition eyes are constrained to a spherical shape, but other forms of compound eyes may deform to a shape where more ommatidia are aligned to, say, the horizon, without altering the size or density of individual ommatidia.28Eyes of horizon-scanning organisms have stalks so they can be easily aligned to the horizon when this is inclined, for example if the animal is on a slope.29 An extension of this concept is that the eyes of predators typically have a zone of very acute vision at their centre, to assist in the identification of prey.28 In deep water organisms, it may not be the centre of the eye that is enlarged. The hyperiid amphipods are deep water animals that feed on organisms above them. Their eyes are almost divided into two, with the upper region thought to be twisting in detecting the silhouettes of potential preyor predatorsagainst the faint light of the sky above. Accordingly, deeper water hyperiids, where the light against which the silhouettes must be compared is dimmer, have larger upper-eyes, and may lose the lower portion of their eyes altogether.28 judiciousness perception can be enhanced by having eyes which are enlarged in one direction distorting the eye slightly allows the distance to the object to be estimated with a high degree of accuracy.9 eagerness is higher among male organisms that mate in mid-air, as they need to be able to spot and appreciate potential mates against a very large backdrop.28 On the other hand, the eyes of organisms which operate in low light levels, such as around dawn and dusk or in deep water, tend to be larger to increase the amount of light that can be captured.28 It is not only the shape of the eye that may be affected by lifestyle. Eyes can be the most visible parts of organisms, and this can act as a pressure on organisms to have more transparent eyes at the cost of function.28 Eyes may be mounted on stalks to suffer better all-round vision, by lifting them above an organisms carapace this also allows them to track predators or prey without moving the head.9 editVisual acuityA hawks eyeVisual acuity, or resolving power, is the ability to distinguish hunky-dory detail and is the property of cones.30 It is often measured in cycles per degree (CPD), which measures an angular resolution, or how much an eye can differentiate one object from a nother in terms of visual angles. Resolution in CPD can be measured by bar charts of different numbers of white/black mark cycles. For example, if each exemplification is 1.75 cm wide and is placed at 1 m distance from the eye, it entrust subtend an angle of 1 degree, so the number of white/black bar pairs on the pattern will be a measure of the cycles per degree of that pattern. The highest such number that the eye can decompose as stripes, or distinguish from a gray block, is then the measurement of visual acuity of the eye.For a human eye with excellent acuity, the maximum theoretical resolution is 50 CPD31 (1.2 arcminute per line pair, or a 0.35 mm line pair, at 1 m). A rat can resolve only about 1 to 2 CPD.32 A horse has higher acuity through most of the visual field of its eyes than a human has, but does not match the high acuity of the human eyes central fovea region. Spherical aberration limits the resolution of a 7 mm pupil to about 3 arcminutes per line pair. At a pupi l diameter of 3 mm, the spherical aberration is greatly reduced, resulting in an improved resolution of approximately 1.7 arcminutes per line pair.33 A resolution of 2 arcminutes per line pair, equivalent to a 1 arcminute gap in an optotype, corresponds to 20/20 (normal vision) in humans. editPerception of coloursColour vision is the faculty of the organism to distinguish lights of different spectral qualities.34 All organisms are restricted to a small range of electromagnetic spectrum this varies from creature to creature, but is mainly between four hundred and 700 nm.35 This is a rather small section of the electromagnetic spectrum, probably reflecting the submarine evolution of the organ water blocks out all but two small windows of the EM spectrum, and there has been no evolutionary pressure among land animals to broaden this range.36 The most sensitive pigment, rhodopsin, has a peak response at 500 nm.37 miserable changes to the genes coding for this protein can tweak the peak response by a few nm2 pigments in the lens can also filter incoming light, changing the peak response.2 Many organisms are unavailing to discriminate between colours, seeing instead in shades of grey color vision necessitates a range of pigment cells which are primarily sensitive to smaller ranges of the spectrum.In primates, geckos, and other organisms, these take the form of cone cells, from which the more sensitive rod cells evolved.37 Even if organisms are physically capable of discriminating different colours, this does not necessarily mean that they can perceive the different colours only with behavioural tests can this be deduced.2 Most organisms with colour vision are able to detect ultraviolet light. This high zero light can be damaging to receptor cells. With a few exceptions (snakes, placental mammals), most organisms avoid these effects by having absorbent oil droplets around their cone cells. The alternative, developed by organisms that had lost these oil droplets in the course of evolution, is to make the lens impervious to UV light this precludes the possibility of any UV light being detected, as it does not even reach the retina.37 editRods and conesThe retina contains two major types of light-sensitive photoreceptor cells used for vision the rods and the cones. Rods cannot distinguish colours, but are responsible for low-light (scotopic) monochrome (black-and-white) vision they work well in dim light as they contain a pigment, rhodopsin (visual purple), which is sensitive at low light intensity, but saturates at higher (photopic) intensities. Rods are distributed throughout the retina but there are none at the fovea and none at the blind spot. Rod density is greater in the peripheral retina than in the central retina. Cones are responsible for colour vision.They require brighter light to function than rods require. In humans, there are three types of cones, maximally sensitive to long-wavelength, medium-wavelength, and short-wavelength lig ht (often referred to as red, green, and blue, respectively, though the sensitivity peaks are not actually at these colours). The colour seen is the combined effect of stimuli to, and responses from, these three types of cone cells. Cones are mostly concentrated in and near the fovea. Only a few are present at the sides of the retina. Objects are seen most sagaciously in focus when their images fall on the fovea, as when one looks at an object directly. Cone cells and rods are connected through intermediate cells in the retina to nerve fibres of the optic nerve. When rods and cones are stimulated by light, the poise send off impulses through these fibres to the brain.37 editPigmentationThe pigment molecules used in the eye are various, but can be used to define the evolutionary distance between different groups, and can also be an aid in determining which are closely related although problems of convergence do exist.37 Opsins are the pigments confused in photoreception. Other pi gments, such as melanin, are used to shield the photoreceptor cells from light leaking in from the sides. The opsin protein group evolved long before the last common ancestor of animals, and has continued to diversify since.2 There are two types of opsin involved in vision c-opsins, which are associated with ciliary-type photoreceptor cells, and r-opsins, associated with rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells.38 The eyes of vertebrates usually contain cilliary cells with c-opsins, and (bilaterian) invertebrates have rhabdomeric cells in the eye with r-opsins. However, some ganglion cells of vertebrates express r-opsins, suggesting that their ancestors used this pigment in vision, and that remnants survive in the eyes.38Likewise, c-opsins have been found to be expressed in the brain of some invertebrates. They may have been expressed in ciliary cells of larval eyes, which were subsequently resorbed into the brain on metamorphosis to the adult form.38 C-opsins are also found in some derived bilaterian-invertebrate eyes, such as the pallial eyes of the bivalve molluscs however, the lateral eyes (which were presumably the ancestral type for this group, if eyes evolved once there) always use r-opsins.38 Cnidaria, which are an outgroup to the taxa mentioned above, express c-opsins but r-opsins are yet to be found in this group.38 Incidentally, the melanin produced in the cnidaria is produced in the same fashion as that in vertebrates, suggesting the common descent of this pigment.38